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X was (remained) himself

  • 1 С-8

    САМИМ СОБОЙ быть, оставаться NP these forms only subj-compl with copula (subj: human var. with быть is used in past and fut only) (to be, remain) the way one is by nature (in terms of character, outlook etc), (to behave) in one's customary manner
    X был (оставался) \С-8 = X was (remained) himself
    X was (remained) true to himself.
    Дайте мне в этой стране остаться самой собою - это единственное, что я прошу у Свободы (Аллилуева 2). Let те remain myself in this country. This is the only thing I ask of Freedom (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-8

  • 2 самим собой

    • САМИМ СОБОЙ быть, оставаться
    [NP; these forms only; subj-compl with copula (subj: human); var. with быть is used in past and fut only]
    =====
    ⇒ (to be, remain) the way one is by nature (in terms of character, outlook etc), (to behave) in one's customary manner:
    - X was (remained) true to himself.
         ♦ Дайте мне в этой стране остаться самой собою - это единственное, что я прошу у Свободы (Аллилуева 2). Let me remain myself in this country. This is the only thing I ask of Freedom (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > самим собой

  • 3 quedar

    v.
    1 to be left, to remain.
    ¿queda azúcar? is there any sugar left?
    nos quedan 100 pesos we have 100 pesos left
    ¿cuánto queda para León? how much farther is it to León?
    quedan dos vueltas para que termine la carrera there are two laps to go until the end of the race
    quedar por hacer to remain to be done
    queda por fregar el suelo the floor has still to be cleaned
    Algo queda Something is left, something remains.
    Queda un solo carro There is only one car.
    Eso queda lejos This is far away.
    2 to remain, to stay.
    el viaje quedó en proyecto the trip never got beyond the planning stage
    ¡esto no puede o no va a quedar así! I'm not going to let it rest at this!
    3 to look.
    te queda un poco corto el traje your suit is a bit too short
    quedar bien/mal a alguien to look good/bad on somebody
    quedar bien/mal con algo to go well/badly with something
    queda por las afueras it's somewhere on the outskirts
    ¿por dónde queda? whereabouts is it?
    5 to keep on, to keep.
    Ella quedó trabajando She kept on working.
    6 to fit.
    Esta camisa me queda (bien) This shirts fits (well).
    Queda bien It fits well.
    7 to be left with, to have left, to have.
    Me quedó un dolar solamente I was left with one dollar only.
    8 to get, to become.
    Ella quedó alegre She got happy, she became happy.
    El caso quedó muy claro The case became very clear.
    9 to leave.
    Se me quedó mi sombrero I left my hat.
    10 to act, to perform, to come across, to do one's part.
    Quedé muy bien en la reunión I acted [did my part] very well at the meeting.
    11 to be still pending to.
    Queda pintar It is still pending to paint.
    12 to be left to be done.
    13 to be for.
    Me queda muy difícil It is very difficult for me.
    14 to make an appointment.
    * * *
    1 (permanecer) to remain, stay
    3 (cita) to arrange to meet
    5 (favorecer) to look, fit
    ■ ¿qué tal me queda? does it suit me?, how does it look on me?
    ■ ¿por dónde queda? whereabouts is it?
    7 (restar) to be left, remain
    8 (faltar) to be, be still
    9 quedar en (convenir) to agree to
    10 quedar por + inf not to have been + past participle
    ■ la cama quedó por hacer the bed had not been made, the bed was left unmade
    11 quedar + gerundio to be, remain
    1 (permanecer) to remain, stay, be
    2 (resultado de algo) to be, remain
    4 (mar, viento) to become calm; (viento) to drop
    \
    ahí quedó la cosa that's the way it was left
    ¿en qué quedamos? so what's it to be?
    no quedar títere con cabeza familiar to leave nothing intact
    'Queda de usted atentamente...' (en cartas) "Yours faithfully..."
    quedar a deber algo to owe something
    quedar alguien bien/mal to make a good/bad impression
    quedar como un señor/una señora familiar to create a very good impression
    quedarse atrás figurado to be left behind
    quedarse con alguien familiar to make a fool of somebody, have somebody on
    quedarse con la boca abierta figurado to be dumbfounded, be stunned
    quedarse con las ganas de algo figurado to go without something
    quedarse en blanco to go blank
    quedarse sin algo to run out of something
    quedarse tan tranquilo,-a familiar not to bat an eyelid
    quedar en nada to come to nothing
    * * *
    verb
    2) fit, suit
    4) suit
    •
    - quedarse
    * * *
    Para expresiones como quedarse tan ancho, quedarse con las ganas, quedársele grabado algn, quedarse helado, quedarse parado, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO INTRANSITIVO
    1) [indicando lugar] to be

    ¿por dónde queda Correos? — where's the post office?

    2) [indicando posición]

    • quedar [atrás], no quieren quedar atrás en la carrera espacial — they don't want to be left behind {o} fall behind in the space race

    3) [indicando resultado]
    a) [con adjetivos, adverbios, locuciones preposicionales, participios]

    • quedar [ciego] — to go blind

    • quedar [huérfano] — to be orphaned

    • quedar [viuda]/[viudo] — to be widowed, lose one's husband/wife

    b)

    • quedar [en] algo, ¿en qué quedó la conversación? — how did the conversation end?

    c)

    • quedar [sin], miles de personas han quedado sin hogar — thousands of people have been left homeless

    la reconstrucción del puente ha quedado sin hacer por falta de presupuesto — the rebuilding of the bridge has been abandoned because of a shortage of funds

    4) [en el trato, al hablar]

    • quedar [bien], regalando flores siempre queda uno bien — taking flowers always makes a good impression

    • quedar [mal], nos hiciste quedar mal haciendo esas preguntas — you made us look bad by asking those questions

    • quedar [por] algo — to be left looking like sth

    aunque fue idea de todos, yo quedé por el culpable — although everyone was to blame, it ended up looking as if it was my fault

    • quedar en [ridículo], ha quedado en ridículo — he ended up looking a fool

    quería que su marido quedara en ridículo — she wanted to make her husband look a fool, she wanted to show her husband up

    5) (=permanecer) to stay

    quedo a la espera de sus noticias — [en carta] I look forward to hearing from you

    6) (=haber todavía) to be left

    ¿queda algo de la cena? — is there any dinner left?

    de la ciudad solo queda el castillo — all that remains {o} is left of the city is the castle

    se me cayó un poco de vino, pero no ha quedado ninguna mancha — I spilt some wine, but it didn't leave a stain

    si a 8 le quito 2, quedan 6 — if I take 2 from 8, I'm left with {o} it leaves 6

    • quedarle [a algn], ¿le quedan entradas para esta noche? — do you have any tickets left for tonight?

    • quedar [a deber] algo — to owe sth

    no tenía suficiente y tuve que quedarle a deber — I didn't have enough money on me, so I had to owe him

    • quedan pocos días [para] la fiesta — the party is only a few days away

    • quedar [por] hacer, nos queda por pagar la luz — we still have to pay the electricity bill

    • no me queda más [remedio] — I have no alternative (left)

    que no quede —

    por mí que no quede, yo he ayudado en lo que he podido — it won't be for want of trying on my part, I helped as much as I could

    7) (Educ) [asignatura]
    8) [ropa] (=ser la talla) to fit; (=sentar) to suit

    ¿qué tal (de grande) te queda el vestido? — does the dress fit you?

    no queda bien así/aquí — it doesn't look right like that/here

    9)

    • quedar [en] (=acordar) —

    ¿quedamos en eso, entonces? — we'll do that, then, all right?

    quedar en {o} LAm de hacer algo — to agree to do sth

    • quedar en [que] — to agree that

    ¿en qué quedamos? ¿lo compras o no? — so what's it to be then? are you going to buy it or not?

    10) (=citarse) to arrange to meet

    habíamos quedado, pero no se presentó — we had arranged to meet, but he didn't turn up

    ¿quedamos a las cuatro? — shall we meet at four?

    ¿cómo quedamos? — where shall we meet and what time?

    • quedar [con] algn — to arrange to meet sb

    ¿quedamos con ella en la parada? — shall we meet her at the bus stop?

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) (en un estado, una situación)

    quedar viudo/viuda — to be widowed

    quedar sin hogar/en la miseria — to be left homeless/destitute

    ha quedado acordado que... — it has been agreed that...

    ¿dónde quedamos la clase pasada? — where did we get (up) to in the last class?

    ¿quién quedó en primer/último lugar? — who was o came first/last?; (+ me/te/le etc)

    me quedó muy claro que... — it was quite clear to me that...

    si no vamos, quedamos mal — it'll look bad if we don't go

    quedó en ridículo — ( por culpa propia) he made a fool of himself; ( por culpa ajena) he was made to look a fool

    ¿queda alguien adentro? — is there anyone left inside?

    quedamos a la espera de su confirmación — (frml) we await your confirmation (frml)

    quedo a sus gratas órdenes — (frml) (Corresp) Sincerely yours (AmE), Yours faithfully (BrE)

    quedar EN algo: todo quedó en suspenso everything was left in the air; nuestros planes quedaron en nada our plans came to nothing; quedar atrás — persona to fall behind; rencillas/problemas to be in the past

    4) (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) tamaño/talla

    me queda grande/largo/apretado — it's too big/long/tight for me

    la talla 12 le queda bien — the size 12 fits (you/him) fine

    b) ( sentar)

    el azul/ese peinado te queda muy bien — blue/that hairdo really suits you

    5)
    a) (acordar, convenir)

    quedar EN algo: ¿en qué quedaron? what did you decide?; ¿entonces en qué quedamos? so, what's happening, then?; quedamos en que yo iría we agreed o arranged that I would go; quedar EN or (AmL) DE + INF: quedaron en no decirle nada they agreed o decided not to tell him anything; quedó en venir a las nueve — she said she would come at nine

    b) ( citarse)

    ¿a qué hora/dónde quedamos? — what time/where shall we meet?

    6) ( estar situado) to be

    queda justo enfrente de la estación — it's right opposite the station; (+ me/te/le etc)

    me queda muy lejos/cerca — it's very far/near from where I live (o work etc)

    7) (en 3a pers)

    ¿queda café? — is there any coffee left?

    sólo quedan las ruinas — only the ruins remain; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿te queda algo de dinero? — do you have any money left?

    ¿te queda alguna duda? — is there anything you still don't understand?

    b) ( sobrar) comida/vino to be left (over)
    8) ( faltar)

    ¿cuántos kilómetros quedan? — how many kilometers are there to go?; (+ me/te/le etc)

    quedar POR + INF: queda mucho por ver/visitar there is still a lot to see/visit; aún quedan estudiantes por pagar there are still some students who haven't paid; (+ me/te/le etc) aún me queda todo esto por hacer I still have all this to do; no me/le queda otra (AmL fam) I have/he has no choice; por... que no quede (Esp fam): venga, por intentarlo que no quede come on, let's at least give it a try; hazlo, por mí que no quede — go ahead, don't let me stop you

    2.
    1) quedarse v pron
    2)
    a) ( en un lugar) to stay

    quedarse en casa/en la cama — to stay at home/in bed

    se quedaron en París/en un hotel — they stayed in Paris/in a hotel

    b) (en un estado, una situación) (+ compl)

    quédate tranquilo, yo me ocuparé del asunto — relax, I'll take care of it

    ¿te quedaste con hambre? — are you still hungry?

    se me quedó mirando — he sat/stood there staring at me, he just stared at me

    de repente el motor se quedó — (AmL) the engine suddenly died on me

    3) (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) (fam) ( memorizar)
    b) (Andes) ( olvidarse)
    c) (Esp) ( llegar a ser)
    4)

    quedarse CON algo: se quedó con mi libro she kept my book; entre él y su mujer no sé con cuál me quedo there's not much to choose between him and his wife; me quedo con éste I'll take this one; quedarse con alguien — (Esp fam) ( engañarlo) to take somebody for a ride (colloq)

    * * *
    = remain.
    Ex. Needless to say, any errors which remain are entirely our responsibility.
    ----
    * aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy.
    * el que lo encuentre se lo queda = finders keepers.
    * estar quedándose sin = run + low (on).
    * hacer que Uno se quede dormido = put + Nombre + to sleep.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyen = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * mecer a Alguien hasta que quede dormido = rock + Nombre + to sleep.
    * mente + quedarse en blanco = mind + go blank.
    * mientras queden = while stocks last.
    * Nombre de Lugar + quedarse chico = outgrow + Nombre de Lugar.
    * no quedarse ahí = there + be + more to it than that.
    * para que quede más claro = for main effects.
    * quedar Algo a Alguien = be left with.
    * quedar anulado con el paso del tiempo = be overtaken by events.
    * quedar atrapado = get + caught.
    * quedar constatado = go on + record.
    * quedar deshecho = go to + pieces.
    * quedar destrozado = go to + pieces.
    * quedar en segundo plano = come in + a poor second.
    * quedar en suspenso = go into + abeyance.
    * quedar exempto de = discharge from.
    * quedar + Expresión Temporal = be + Expresión Temporal + off.
    * quedar igual = remain + the same.
    * quedar impactado = be impressed.
    * quedar impresionado = be impressed.
    * quedar impune = go + scot-free, go + scot-free, get away + scot-free.
    * quedar inpune = go + unpunished.
    * quedar libre = become + vacant.
    * quedar mal = lose + face.
    * quedar muchísimo por hacer = a great deal more needs to be done.
    * quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.
    * quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).
    * quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.
    * quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * quedar patas arriba = flip-flop.
    * quedar pendiente = remain, remain + to be done.
    * quedar peor = be a little worse prepared, be a little worse off.
    * quedar poco (para) = have + a short way to go (before).
    * quedar por hacer = remain + to be done.
    * quedar por + Infinitivo = remain + to be + Participio.
    * quedar por ver = be an open question, remain + to be seen.
    * quedar registrado = go on + record.
    * quedarse = stay, stay behind, board.
    * quedarse abandonado en una isla desierta = be stranded on a desert island.
    * quedarse a dormir en la casa de un amigo = sleepover.
    * quedarse afónico = lose + Posesivo + voice.
    * quedarse al margen = stand by.
    * quedarse a medias = fall (between/through) + the cracks.
    * quedarse anodadado = be speechless, be gobsmacked.
    * quedarse anticuado = date.
    * quedarse arriba = sit on + top.
    * quedarse atascado = get + stuck.
    * quedarse atónito = be astonished, be bowled over, stun into + speechlessness.
    * quedarse atrancado = get + stuck.
    * quedarse atrás = fall behind, hang back, trail, trail behind, be behind.
    * quedarse boquiabierto = give + a gasp of, eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * quedarse completamente atónito = You could have pushed + Nombre + over with a feather.
    * quedarse con = pocket, cream off.
    * quedarse con el culo al aire = come + unstuck.
    * quedarse congelado = be frozen stiff.
    * quedarse corto = stop + short of, fall + short, fall + short of.
    * quedarse dentro de casa = stay + indoors.
    * quedarse de piedra = You could have pushed + Nombre + over with a feather.
    * quedarse dormido = fall + asleep, doze off, nod off, drop off to + sleep, go to + sleep.
    * quedarse dormido al volante = fall + asleep at the wheel.
    * quedarse embarazada = become + pregnant, be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * quedarse en = stick at.
    * quedarse en blanco = go + blank, mind + go blank.
    * quedarse encallado = be stranded.
    * quedarse en casa = stay + indoors.
    * quedarse en el camino = fall by + the wayside.
    * quedarse en el mismo sitio = stay + put.
    * quedarse en el sitio = die + there and then.
    * quedarse en estado = become + pregnant.
    * quedarse en la cama hasta tarde = have + a lie-in.
    * quedarse en la estacada = be left out on a limb.
    * quedarse en la ignorancia = leave + Nombre + in the dark.
    * quedarse en silencio = fall + silent, lapse into + silence.
    * quedarse en tablas = split down the middle.
    * quedarse estancado = stagnate.
    * quedarse estupefacto = stun into + speechlessness, eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, be speechless, be gobsmacked, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * quedar segundo = come off + second-best.
    * quedarse hecho polvo = be gutted, feel + gutted.
    * quedarse helado = be frozen stiff.
    * quedarse huérfano = orphan.
    * quedarse igual = be none the wiser.
    * quedarse impresionado = be bowled over.
    * quedarse inamovible = stay in + place.
    * quedarse inmóvil = stay + still.
    * quedarse levantado = stay up.
    * quedarse mudo = be speechless, be gobsmacked.
    * quedarse obsoleto = be overtaken by events, outgrow.
    * quedarse parado = stand + still, stand by.
    * quedarse pasmado = stun.
    * quedarse patidifuso = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * quedarse patitieso = freeze to + death.
    * quedarse pequeño = overflow.
    * quedarse prendado = smite.
    * quedarse prendado de = take + a fancy to, take + a shine to.
    * quedarse prendado por = take + a liking to.
    * quedarse preñada = become + pregnant, have + a bun in the oven.
    * quedarse quieto = stand + still, stand by.
    * quedarse ronco = lose + Posesivo + voice.
    * quedarse sin = run + short (of), miss out on, run out of, run out.
    * quedarse sin aliento = run out of + breath.
    * quedarse sin conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * quedarse sin fuelle = run out of + steam.
    * quedarse sin fuerza = lose + steam.
    * quedarse sin gas = lose + steam.
    * quedarse sin habla = stun into + speechlessness, be speechless, be gobsmacked.
    * quedarse sin negocio = go out of + business.
    * quedarse sin palabras = stun into + speechlessness, be at a loss for words, be lost for words.
    * quedarse sin sentido = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * quedarse sin suerte = run out of + luck, luck + run out.
    * quedarse sin voz = lose + Posesivo + voice.
    * quedarse sorprendido por = be amazed by, be amazed at.
    * quedarse tan fresco = not bat an eyelash, not bat an eyelid.
    * quedarse tieso = be frozen stiff.
    * quedarse tieso de frío = be frozen stiff.
    * quedarse tirado = be stranded.
    * quedarse varado = get + stuck, be stranded.
    * quedarse viudo = widow.
    * quedar sin castigo = go + unpunished.
    * quedar un poco = be some way off.
    * quedar un poco perjudicado = be a little worse prepared, be a little worse off.
    * quedar vacante = become + vacant.
    * quedar vacío = empty.
    * que no queda bien = ill-fitting.
    * que queda = surviving.
    * que queda mal = ill-fitting.
    * que quede entre nosotros = between you and me, between ourselves.
    * según quedó indicado en = as was pointed out in.
    * siempre queda una esperanza = where there's life there's hope.
    * si queda tiempo = time permitting.
    * todo queda en casa = all in the family.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) (en un estado, una situación)

    quedar viudo/viuda — to be widowed

    quedar sin hogar/en la miseria — to be left homeless/destitute

    ha quedado acordado que... — it has been agreed that...

    ¿dónde quedamos la clase pasada? — where did we get (up) to in the last class?

    ¿quién quedó en primer/último lugar? — who was o came first/last?; (+ me/te/le etc)

    me quedó muy claro que... — it was quite clear to me that...

    si no vamos, quedamos mal — it'll look bad if we don't go

    quedó en ridículo — ( por culpa propia) he made a fool of himself; ( por culpa ajena) he was made to look a fool

    ¿queda alguien adentro? — is there anyone left inside?

    quedamos a la espera de su confirmación — (frml) we await your confirmation (frml)

    quedo a sus gratas órdenes — (frml) (Corresp) Sincerely yours (AmE), Yours faithfully (BrE)

    quedar EN algo: todo quedó en suspenso everything was left in the air; nuestros planes quedaron en nada our plans came to nothing; quedar atrás — persona to fall behind; rencillas/problemas to be in the past

    4) (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) tamaño/talla

    me queda grande/largo/apretado — it's too big/long/tight for me

    la talla 12 le queda bien — the size 12 fits (you/him) fine

    b) ( sentar)

    el azul/ese peinado te queda muy bien — blue/that hairdo really suits you

    5)
    a) (acordar, convenir)

    quedar EN algo: ¿en qué quedaron? what did you decide?; ¿entonces en qué quedamos? so, what's happening, then?; quedamos en que yo iría we agreed o arranged that I would go; quedar EN or (AmL) DE + INF: quedaron en no decirle nada they agreed o decided not to tell him anything; quedó en venir a las nueve — she said she would come at nine

    b) ( citarse)

    ¿a qué hora/dónde quedamos? — what time/where shall we meet?

    6) ( estar situado) to be

    queda justo enfrente de la estación — it's right opposite the station; (+ me/te/le etc)

    me queda muy lejos/cerca — it's very far/near from where I live (o work etc)

    7) (en 3a pers)

    ¿queda café? — is there any coffee left?

    sólo quedan las ruinas — only the ruins remain; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿te queda algo de dinero? — do you have any money left?

    ¿te queda alguna duda? — is there anything you still don't understand?

    b) ( sobrar) comida/vino to be left (over)
    8) ( faltar)

    ¿cuántos kilómetros quedan? — how many kilometers are there to go?; (+ me/te/le etc)

    quedar POR + INF: queda mucho por ver/visitar there is still a lot to see/visit; aún quedan estudiantes por pagar there are still some students who haven't paid; (+ me/te/le etc) aún me queda todo esto por hacer I still have all this to do; no me/le queda otra (AmL fam) I have/he has no choice; por... que no quede (Esp fam): venga, por intentarlo que no quede come on, let's at least give it a try; hazlo, por mí que no quede — go ahead, don't let me stop you

    2.
    1) quedarse v pron
    2)
    a) ( en un lugar) to stay

    quedarse en casa/en la cama — to stay at home/in bed

    se quedaron en París/en un hotel — they stayed in Paris/in a hotel

    b) (en un estado, una situación) (+ compl)

    quédate tranquilo, yo me ocuparé del asunto — relax, I'll take care of it

    ¿te quedaste con hambre? — are you still hungry?

    se me quedó mirando — he sat/stood there staring at me, he just stared at me

    de repente el motor se quedó — (AmL) the engine suddenly died on me

    3) (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) (fam) ( memorizar)
    b) (Andes) ( olvidarse)
    c) (Esp) ( llegar a ser)
    4)

    quedarse CON algo: se quedó con mi libro she kept my book; entre él y su mujer no sé con cuál me quedo there's not much to choose between him and his wife; me quedo con éste I'll take this one; quedarse con alguien — (Esp fam) ( engañarlo) to take somebody for a ride (colloq)

    * * *

    Ex: Needless to say, any errors which remain are entirely our responsibility.

    * aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy.
    * el que lo encuentre se lo queda = finders keepers.
    * estar quedándose sin = run + low (on).
    * hacer que Uno se quede dormido = put + Nombre + to sleep.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyen = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * mecer a Alguien hasta que quede dormido = rock + Nombre + to sleep.
    * mente + quedarse en blanco = mind + go blank.
    * mientras queden = while stocks last.
    * Nombre de Lugar + quedarse chico = outgrow + Nombre de Lugar.
    * no quedarse ahí = there + be + more to it than that.
    * para que quede más claro = for main effects.
    * quedar Algo a Alguien = be left with.
    * quedar anulado con el paso del tiempo = be overtaken by events.
    * quedar atrapado = get + caught.
    * quedar constatado = go on + record.
    * quedar deshecho = go to + pieces.
    * quedar destrozado = go to + pieces.
    * quedar en segundo plano = come in + a poor second.
    * quedar en suspenso = go into + abeyance.
    * quedar exempto de = discharge from.
    * quedar + Expresión Temporal = be + Expresión Temporal + off.
    * quedar igual = remain + the same.
    * quedar impactado = be impressed.
    * quedar impresionado = be impressed.
    * quedar impune = go + scot-free, go + scot-free, get away + scot-free.
    * quedar inpune = go + unpunished.
    * quedar libre = become + vacant.
    * quedar mal = lose + face.
    * quedar muchísimo por hacer = a great deal more needs to be done.
    * quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.
    * quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).
    * quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.
    * quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * quedar patas arriba = flip-flop.
    * quedar pendiente = remain, remain + to be done.
    * quedar peor = be a little worse prepared, be a little worse off.
    * quedar poco (para) = have + a short way to go (before).
    * quedar por hacer = remain + to be done.
    * quedar por + Infinitivo = remain + to be + Participio.
    * quedar por ver = be an open question, remain + to be seen.
    * quedar registrado = go on + record.
    * quedarse = stay, stay behind, board.
    * quedarse abandonado en una isla desierta = be stranded on a desert island.
    * quedarse a dormir en la casa de un amigo = sleepover.
    * quedarse afónico = lose + Posesivo + voice.
    * quedarse al margen = stand by.
    * quedarse a medias = fall (between/through) + the cracks.
    * quedarse anodadado = be speechless, be gobsmacked.
    * quedarse anticuado = date.
    * quedarse arriba = sit on + top.
    * quedarse atascado = get + stuck.
    * quedarse atónito = be astonished, be bowled over, stun into + speechlessness.
    * quedarse atrancado = get + stuck.
    * quedarse atrás = fall behind, hang back, trail, trail behind, be behind.
    * quedarse boquiabierto = give + a gasp of, eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * quedarse completamente atónito = You could have pushed + Nombre + over with a feather.
    * quedarse con = pocket, cream off.
    * quedarse con el culo al aire = come + unstuck.
    * quedarse congelado = be frozen stiff.
    * quedarse corto = stop + short of, fall + short, fall + short of.
    * quedarse dentro de casa = stay + indoors.
    * quedarse de piedra = You could have pushed + Nombre + over with a feather.
    * quedarse dormido = fall + asleep, doze off, nod off, drop off to + sleep, go to + sleep.
    * quedarse dormido al volante = fall + asleep at the wheel.
    * quedarse embarazada = become + pregnant, be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * quedarse en = stick at.
    * quedarse en blanco = go + blank, mind + go blank.
    * quedarse encallado = be stranded.
    * quedarse en casa = stay + indoors.
    * quedarse en el camino = fall by + the wayside.
    * quedarse en el mismo sitio = stay + put.
    * quedarse en el sitio = die + there and then.
    * quedarse en estado = become + pregnant.
    * quedarse en la cama hasta tarde = have + a lie-in.
    * quedarse en la estacada = be left out on a limb.
    * quedarse en la ignorancia = leave + Nombre + in the dark.
    * quedarse en silencio = fall + silent, lapse into + silence.
    * quedarse en tablas = split down the middle.
    * quedarse estancado = stagnate.
    * quedarse estupefacto = stun into + speechlessness, eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, be speechless, be gobsmacked, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * quedar segundo = come off + second-best.
    * quedarse hecho polvo = be gutted, feel + gutted.
    * quedarse helado = be frozen stiff.
    * quedarse huérfano = orphan.
    * quedarse igual = be none the wiser.
    * quedarse impresionado = be bowled over.
    * quedarse inamovible = stay in + place.
    * quedarse inmóvil = stay + still.
    * quedarse levantado = stay up.
    * quedarse mudo = be speechless, be gobsmacked.
    * quedarse obsoleto = be overtaken by events, outgrow.
    * quedarse parado = stand + still, stand by.
    * quedarse pasmado = stun.
    * quedarse patidifuso = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * quedarse patitieso = freeze to + death.
    * quedarse pequeño = overflow.
    * quedarse prendado = smite.
    * quedarse prendado de = take + a fancy to, take + a shine to.
    * quedarse prendado por = take + a liking to.
    * quedarse preñada = become + pregnant, have + a bun in the oven.
    * quedarse quieto = stand + still, stand by.
    * quedarse ronco = lose + Posesivo + voice.
    * quedarse sin = run + short (of), miss out on, run out of, run out.
    * quedarse sin aliento = run out of + breath.
    * quedarse sin conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * quedarse sin fuelle = run out of + steam.
    * quedarse sin fuerza = lose + steam.
    * quedarse sin gas = lose + steam.
    * quedarse sin habla = stun into + speechlessness, be speechless, be gobsmacked.
    * quedarse sin negocio = go out of + business.
    * quedarse sin palabras = stun into + speechlessness, be at a loss for words, be lost for words.
    * quedarse sin sentido = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * quedarse sin suerte = run out of + luck, luck + run out.
    * quedarse sin voz = lose + Posesivo + voice.
    * quedarse sorprendido por = be amazed by, be amazed at.
    * quedarse tan fresco = not bat an eyelash, not bat an eyelid.
    * quedarse tieso = be frozen stiff.
    * quedarse tieso de frío = be frozen stiff.
    * quedarse tirado = be stranded.
    * quedarse varado = get + stuck, be stranded.
    * quedarse viudo = widow.
    * quedar sin castigo = go + unpunished.
    * quedar un poco = be some way off.
    * quedar un poco perjudicado = be a little worse prepared, be a little worse off.
    * quedar vacante = become + vacant.
    * quedar vacío = empty.
    * que no queda bien = ill-fitting.
    * que queda = surviving.
    * que queda mal = ill-fitting.
    * que quede entre nosotros = between you and me, between ourselves.
    * según quedó indicado en = as was pointed out in.
    * siempre queda una esperanza = where there's life there's hope.
    * si queda tiempo = time permitting.
    * todo queda en casa = all in the family.

    * * *
    quedar [A1 ]
    vi
    A
    (en un estado, una situación): quedó viuda muy joven she was widowed o she lost her husband when she was very young
    quedó huérfano a los siete años he was orphaned when he was seven years old
    tuvo un ataque y quedó paralítico he had a stroke and was left paralyzed
    cientos de familias quedaron sin hogar/en la miseria hundreds of families were left homeless/destitute
    las calles quedaron desiertas the streets were left deserted
    el sombrero quedó hecho un acordeón the hat was o got squashed flat
    el coche ha quedado como nuevo the car is as good as new (now)
    algunas fotos quedaron mal some of the photos came out badly
    ha quedado precioso pintado de blanco it looks beautiful painted white
    ha quedado acordado que … it has been agreed that …
    y que esto quede bien claro and I want to make this quite clear
    ¿cómo quedó la cosa? ¿quién tenía razón? what happened in the end? who was right?
    ¿dónde quedamos la clase pasada? where did we get (up) to in the last class?
    ¿quién quedó en primer/último lugar? who was o who came first/last?
    (+ me/te/le etc): no me había quedado claro y se lo pregunté otra vez I hadn't quite understood o I hadn't got things quite clear, so I asked him again
    el postre te quedó riquísimo that dessert (you made) was delicious
    ¿quién la queda? (Ur) (en juegos) who's `it'? ( colloq)
    B
    (en la opinión de los demás): si no vamos, quedamos mal it'll look bad if we don't go
    quedarás muy bien con ese regalo it's a lovely present, they'll be delighted
    me hiciste quedar muy mal diciendo eso you really showed me up saying that
    se emborrachó y nos hizo quedar mal a todos he got drunk and embarrassed us all
    quedó en ridículo (por culpa propia) he made a fool of himself; (por culpa ajena) he was made to look a fool
    quedar mal/bien con algn: si no voy quedaré mal con ellos they won't think much of me o it won't go down very well if I don't turn up
    no se puede quedar bien con todo el mundo you can't please everybody
    los invitó a todos para no quedar mal con nadie he invited them all so as not to offend anyone o to cause any offense*
    C
    (permanecer): quedaron en casa they stayed at home
    ¿queda alguien adentro? is there anyone left inside?
    le quedó la cicatriz she was left with a scar
    lo lavé pero le quedó la mancha I washed it but the stain didn't come out
    esto no puede quedar así we can't leave/I'm not going to leave things like this
    quedamos a la espera de su notificación ( frml); we await your notification ( frml)
    quedo a sus gratas órdenes ( frml) ( Corresp) Sincerely yours ( AmE), Yours faithfully o ( frml) I remain, yours faithfully ( BrE)
    le quedo a deber 5 euros I owe you 5 euros
    quedar EN algo:
    todo ha quedado en un mero proyecto none of it has got beyond the planning stage
    todos nuestros planes quedaron en nada all our plans came to nothing
    quedar atrás: pronto quedó atrás he soon fell behind
    hemos tenido nuestras diferencias pero todo eso ha quedado atrás we've had our differences but all that's behind us now o that's all water under the bridge now
    D (+ me/te/le etc)
    1
    «tamaño/talla»: me queda grande/largo/apretado it's too big/long/tight for me
    la talla 12 le queda bien or (Col, Méx) le queda the size 12 fits (you/him) fine
    2
    (sentar): el azul te queda muy bien blue really suits you, you look really good in blue
    ese peinado le quedaba muy bien that hairstyle really suited her, her hair looked really good like that
    ese vestido te queda estupendo that dress looks fantastic on you, you look great in that dress
    A (acordar, convenir) quedar EN algo:
    quedamos en eso, vienes tú a mi casa let's do that, then, you come to my house, so that's agreed, you're coming to my house
    ¿al final en qué quedaron? what did you decide/arrange/agree in the end?
    ¿en qué quedamos? ¿lo quieres o no? well o so, do you want it or not?
    ¿entonces en qué quedamos? ¿nos vemos mañana o no? so, what's happening, then? are we meeting tomorrow or not?
    quedar EN + INFor ( AmL) quedar DE + INF:
    quedaron en no decirle nada they agreed o decided not to tell him anything
    quedó en venir a las nueve she said she would come at nine, she arranged to come at nine
    quedar EN QUE:
    quedamos en que iría él a recogerlo we agreed o arranged that he would go and pick it up
    B
    (citarse): me tengo que ir porque he quedado con Rafael I have to go because I've arranged to meet Rafael
    ¿a qué hora/dónde quedamos? what time/where shall we meet?
    quedé con unos amigos para cenar I arranged to meet some friends for dinner, I arranged to go out for dinner with some friends
    queda justo enfrente de la estación it's right opposite the station
    (+ me/te/le etc): puedo ir yo, me queda muy cerca I can go, it's very near where I live ( o work etc)
    A
    1
    (haber todavía): no queda café there's no coffee left
    no quedan entradas there are no tickets left
    sólo quedan las ruinas only the ruins remain
    (+ me/te/le etc): es el único pariente que me queda he is the only relative I have left, he is my only living relative
    ¿te queda algo de dinero? do you have any money left?
    ¿te ha quedado alguna duda? is there anything you still don't understand?
    me han quedado dos asignaturas (pendientes) I have to make up two subjects o take two subjects over ( AmE), I have to retake two subjects ( BrE)
    no nos queda más remedio que ir we have no alternative o no choice but to go, we'll just have to go
    ya no me quedan fuerzas para seguir I no longer have the strength to go on, I don't have the strength to go on any more
    me queda la satisfacción de haber cumplido con mi deber I have the satisfaction of having done my duty
    2 (sobrar) to be left, be left over
    me comí la ensalada que había quedado del almuerzo I ate up the salad that was left (over) from lunch
    el vino que quede se puede guardar para la próxima fiesta we can keep any wine that's left (over) for the next party
    B
    1
    (faltar): quedan cinco minutos para que acabe la clase there are five minutes to go to o five minutes left to the end of the class
    ¿cuántos kilómetros quedan? how many kilometers are there to go?, how far is it now?
    (+ me/te/le etc): todavía le quedan dos años he still has two years to go o do
    ¡ánimo! ¡ya te queda poco para terminar! come on! you've almost finished!
    2 quedar POR + INF:
    quedan tres pacientes por ver there are three more patients to be seen
    aún queda gente por pagar some people haven't paid yet, some people still haven't paid
    (+ me/te/le etc): aún me queda todo esto por hacer I still have all this to do
    no me/le queda otra ( AmL fam); I have/he has no choice
    por … que no quede ( Esp fam): venga, por intentarlo que no quede come on, let's at least give it a try
    hazlo, por mí que no quede go ahead, don't let me stop you
    A
    1 (en un estado, una situación) (+ compl):
    te estás quedando calvo you're going bald
    se quedó huérfana/sorda a los seis años she was orphaned/she went deaf when she was six years old
    cuando se fue me quedé muy sola when he left I felt very lonely
    me quedé helado cuando me lo dijo I was staggered when she told me
    quédate tranquilo, yo me ocuparé del asunto don't (you) worry about it, I'll take care of it
    me quedé dormido en el sofá I fell asleep on the sofa
    embarazada1 (↑ embarazada (1))
    2
    quedarse con/sin algo: ¿te has quedado con hambre? are you still hungry?
    me quedé sin postre I didn't get any dessert
    se ha quedado sin trabajo she's out of work, she's lost her job
    me quedé sin saber qué había pasado I never did find out what had happened
    3
    ( Esp) (llegar a ser) (+ me/te/le etc): el vestido se te ha quedado corto the dress is too short on you now
    la casa se les está quedando pequeña the house is getting (to be) too small for them
    4 (olvidarse) (+ me/te/le etc):
    se me quedó el paraguas I left my umbrella behind
    B
    1
    (permanecer): pienso quedarme soltera I intend to stay single
    no me gusta quedarme sola en casa I don't like being (left) on my own o being alone in the house
    no te quedes ahí parado y haz algo don't just stand there, do something!
    nos quedamos charlando toda la noche we spent the whole night chatting
    se me quedó mirando he sat/stood there staring at me, he just stared at me
    la escena se me ha quedado grabada en la memoria the scene has remained engraved o is engraved on my memory
    iba para pintor pero se quedó en profesor de dibujo he set out to be a painter but he ended up as an art teacher
    se quedó en la mesa de operaciones ( euf); he died on the operating table
    de repente el motor se quedó ( AmL); the engine suddenly died on me
    2 (en un lugar) to stay
    quédate aquí stay here
    me quedé a dormir en su casa I spent o stayed the night at his house
    nos quedamos en un hotel/en casa de unos amigos we stayed at a hotel/with some friends
    se tuvo que quedar en el hospital una semana más she had to stay o remain in (the) hospital for another week
    se quedó en casa/en la cama todo el día she stayed at home/in bed all day
    A ‹cambio/lápiz› to keep
    quédatelo, yo tengo otro keep it, I have another one
    quedarse CON algo:
    quédate con la foto si quieres you can keep the photo o ( colloq) hang on to the photo if you want
    se quedó con mi libro she kept my book, she didn't give my book back
    entre él y su mujer no sé con cuál de los dos me quedo there's not much to choose between him and his wife
    si me lo rebaja me quedo con él if you knock something off the price, I'll take it ( colloq)
    quedarse con algn ( Esp fam) (burlarse de él) to have sb on ( colloq) (engañarlo) to take sb for a ride ( colloq)
    B
    ( Chi) «pierna/brazo» (+ me/te/le etc): quiso levantarse pero se le quedó la pierna he tried to get up but he couldn't move his leg
    se le queda la pierna al caminar he drags one leg when he walks
    * * *

     

    quedar ( conjugate quedar) verbo intransitivo
    1 (en un estado, una situación):
    ◊ quedar viudo/huérfano to be widowed/orphaned;

    quedó paralítico he was left paralyzed;
    el coche quedó como nuevo the car is as good as new (now);
    y que esto quede bien claro and I want to make this quite clear;
    ¿quién quedó en primer lugar? who was o came first?
    2 ( en la opinión de los demás):
    ◊ si no voy quedaré mal con ellos it won't go down very well o it'll look bad if I don't turn up;

    lo hice para quedar bien con el jefe I did it to get in the boss's good books;
    quedé muy bien con el regalo I made a very good impression with my present;
    me hiciste quedar muy mal diciendo eso you really showed me up saying that;
    nos hizo quedar mal a todos he embarrassed us all;
    quedó en ridículo ( por culpa propia) he made a fool of himself;

    ( por culpa ajena) he was made to look a fool
    3 ( permanecer):
    ◊ ¿queda alguien adentro? is there anyone left inside?;

    le quedó la cicatriz she was left with a scar;
    esto no puede quedar así we can't leave things like this;
    nuestros planes quedaron en nada our plans came to nothing;
    quedar atrás [ persona] to fall behind;

    [rencillas/problemas] to be in the past
    4 (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) [tamaño/talla]:


    la talla 12 le queda bien the size 12 fits (you/him) fine
    b) ( sentar):

    ◊ el azul le queda bien/mal blue suits her/doesn't suit her

    a) (acordar, convenir):

    ◊ ¿en qué quedaron? what did you decide?;

    ¿entonces en qué quedamos? so, what's happening, then?;
    quedaron en or (AmL) de no decirle nada they agreed o decided not to tell him anything;
    quedó en or (AmL) de venir a las nueve she said she would come at nine
    b) ( citarse):

    ◊ ¿a qué hora quedamos? what time shall we meet?;

    quedé con unos amigos para cenar I arranged to meet some friends for dinner
    ( estar situado) to be;

    me queda muy lejos it's very far from where I live (o work etc)
    (en 3a pers)
    1

    ◊ ¿te queda algo de dinero? do you have any money left?;

    ¿queda café? is there any coffee left?;
    solo quedan las ruinas only the ruins remain;
    no nos queda más remedio que ir we have no choice but to go
    b) ( sobrar) [comida/vino] to be left (over)

    2 ( faltar):

    ¿cuántos kilómetros quedan? how many kilometers are there to go?;
    todavía le quedan dos años he still has two years to go o do;
    queda mucho por ver there is still a lot to see;
    aún me queda todo esto por hacer I still have all this to do;
    no me/le queda otra (fam) I have/he has no choice
    quedarse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) (en un lugar, país) to stay;


    b) (en un estado, una situación) (+ compl):


    quedarse dormido to fall asleep;
    quedarse sin trabajo to lose one's job
    2 (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) ( permanecer):


    no me gusta quedarme sola en casa I don't like being alone in the house;
    no te quedes ahí parado don't just stand there!;
    nos quedamos charlando hasta tarde we went on chatting until late in the evening;
    se me quedó mirando he sat/stood there staring at me;
    de repente el motor se quedó (AmL) the engine suddenly died on me
    b) (Andes) ( olvidarse):


    c) (Esp) ( llegar a ser):


    ‹cambio/lápiz› to keep;

    me quedo con este I'll take this one
    quedar verbo intransitivo
    1 (en un estado) quedar bien, (una persona) to make a good impression
    (un objeto) to look nice
    quedar en ridículo, to make a fool of oneself
    2 (en un lugar) to be: mi casa no queda lejos, my house is not far from here
    3 (sobrar) to be left: ¿queda más té?, is there any tea left?
    4 (faltar) (tiempo) to go: quedan dos días para las vacaciones, there are two days to go till the holidays
    5 (convenir) to agree: quedamos en ir al cine, we agreed to go to the cinema
    6 (citarse) to meet: quedaré con mi hermana, I'll arrange to meet my sister
    7 (una ropa, un peinado, etc) to suit: te queda grande, it's too big for you
    ' quedar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    betún
    - cumplir
    - descolgarse
    - embarazarse
    - enmudecer
    - estar
    - lucirse
    - restar
    - sobrar
    - sopa
    - venir
    - aire
    - aislado
    - anillo
    - bailar
    - calle
    - constar
    - descubierto
    - desmano
    - enganchar
    - faltar
    - lejísimos
    - manifiesto
    - mano
    - rezagado
    - tabla
    English:
    air
    - appal
    - appall
    - arrange
    - date
    - egg
    - fit
    - flu
    - gasp
    - go
    - leave
    - lie
    - long
    - meet
    - one-upmanship
    - remain
    - rest
    - side
    - smoke
    - stand
    - stand about
    - stand around
    - agree
    - alternatively
    - catch
    - come
    - get
    - keep
    - narrow
    - out
    - over
    - place
    - remand
    - runner
    - scar
    - scot-free
    - show
    - strand
    - unpunished
    - water
    - widow
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [permanecer] to remain, to stay;
    nuestros problemas quedaron sin resolver our problems remained unsolved;
    los tipos de interés han quedado al mismo nivel interest rates have stayed o remained at the same level;
    no le quedaron secuelas del accidente he suffered no after-effects from the accident;
    Andes, RP
    en el apuro, quedaron los abrigos the coats got left behind o forgotten in the rush;
    quedo a su entera disposición para cualquier consulta [en cartas] I am available to answer any enquiries you may have;
    todo quedó en un buen susto she suffered nothing worse than a shock;
    el viaje quedó en proyecto the trip never got beyond the planning stage;
    ¡esto no puede o [m5] no va a quedar así! I'm not going to let it rest at this!;
    todos nuestros problemas han quedado atrás all our problems are behind us now
    2. [haber aún] to be left, to remain;
    ¿queda azúcar? is there any sugar left?;
    no queda azúcar there isn't any sugar left;
    no nos queda leche we're out of milk;
    queda gente dentro haciendo el examen there are still some people left inside doing the exam;
    queda poco del casco antiguo de la ciudad little remains of the old part of the city;
    nos quedan 50 pesos we have 50 pesos left;
    lo que quede dáselo al perro give whatever's left over to the dog;
    no me quedan ganas de seguir hablando I don't feel like talking any more;
    me queda la esperanza de volver algún día I can only hope that one day I will return;
    Am
    no queda otra there's nothing else for it;
    voy a tener que vender el auto para pagar las cuentas, no queda otra I'm going to have to sell the car to pay the bills, there's nothing else for it
    3. [faltar]
    ¿cuánto queda para Buenos Aires? how much further is it to Buenos Aires?;
    quedan dos vueltas para que termine la carrera there are two laps to go until the end of the race;
    queda poco/un mes para las vacaciones there's not long to go/there's a month to go until the holidays, it's not long/it's a month until the holidays;
    queda mucho para mi cumpleaños my birthday's a long way off;
    me quedan dos días para terminar el trabajo I have two days (left) to finish the work;
    sólo me queda despedirme hasta la próxima semana all that remains is for me to say goodbye until next week;
    quedar por hacer to remain to be done;
    queda por fregar el suelo the floor has still to be cleaned;
    nos quedan bastantes sitios por visitar we still have quite a lot of places to visit
    4. [mostrarse, dar cierta imagen]
    quedar bien/mal (con alguien) to make a good/bad impression (on sb);
    le gusta quedar bien con todo el mundo he likes to keep everyone happy;
    quedaste estupendamente trayendo flores you made a very good impression by bringing flowers;
    voy a quedar fatal si no voy it'll look really bad if I don't go;
    no me hagas quedar mal don't show me up;
    quedaste como un mentiroso you ended up looking like o you came across like a liar;
    quedó como un idiota he ended up o he was left looking stupid
    5. [resultar]
    el trabajo ha quedado perfecto the job turned out perfectly;
    el cuadro queda muy bien ahí the picture looks great there;
    el salón os ha quedado muy bonito the living-room has turned out lovely, you've made a great job of the living-room;
    quedar claro to be clear;
    no quiero que llegues después de las once, ¿queda claro? I don't want you back later than eleven, is that clear?;
    quedar en [llegar, acabar] to end in;
    quedar en quinto lugar, quedar el quinto to come fifth;
    quedar en nada to come to nothing;
    RP Fam
    quedamos en veremos we left it open
    6. [sentar]
    te queda un poco corto el traje your suit is a bit too short;
    esta falda me queda un poco justa this skirt is a bit tight;
    ¡qué bien te queda ese traje! that dress really suits you!, you look great in that dress!;
    esa camisa te queda mal that shirt doesn't suit you;
    ¿te quedan bien los zapatos? do the shoes fit you?;
    quedar bien/mal con algo to go well/badly with sth;
    Méx
    este pantalón no me queda these Br trousers o US pants don't suit me;
    Méx
    esas cortinas le quedan mal al salón those curtains don't go well in the living-room
    7. [citarse]
    quedar (con alguien) to arrange to meet (sb);
    ¿cuándo/dónde quedamos? when/where shall we meet?;
    hemos quedado el lunes we've arranged to meet on Monday;
    he quedado con Juan para jugar al tenis I've arranged to play tennis with Juan
    8. [acordar]
    quedar en algo to agree on sth;
    quedar en o Am [m5] de hacer algo to agree to do sth;
    ¿en qué has quedado? what have you decided to do?;
    quedar en que… to agree that…;
    quedé con ellos en que iría I told them I'd go;
    ¿en qué quedamos? what's it to be, then?
    9. [estar situado] to be;
    queda por las afueras it's somewhere on the outskirts;
    ¿por dónde queda? whereabouts is it?
    10. [asignatura]
    me queda el inglés de primero I still haven't passed first-year English;
    ¿cuántas te han quedado? how many subjects from last year do you have to resit this year?
    ♦ vt
    RP Fam
    quedarla: no apuestes todo a una sola posibilidad porque si no sale, la quedás don't put all your eggs in one basket because if it doesn't work out, you've had it;
    ¿quién la queda? [en juego] who's counting?
    ♦ v impersonal
    por mí que no quede don't let me be the one to stop you;
    que no quede por falta de dinero we don't want it to fall through for lack of money;
    por probar que no quede we should at least try it
    * * *
    v/i
    1 ( permanecer) stay;
    esto queda entre nosotros this is just between us;
    quedar cerca be nearby
    2 en un estado be;
    quedó sin resolver it remained unresolved, it wasn’t sorted out;
    ¿cómo quedó? how did it end up?;
    queda por hacer it still has o needs to be done
    3 ( sentar)
    :
    te queda bien/mal de estilo it suits you/doesn’t suit you; de talla it fits you/doesn’t fit you
    4 ( sobrar) be left;
    ¿queda mucho tiempo? is there much time left?;
    no queda nada de tiempo time’s almost up; distancia it’s not far now
    :
    quedar con alguien fam arrange to meet (with) s.o.;
    ¿dónde habíamos quedado? where had we arranged to meet?
    6 ( acordar)
    :
    quedar en algo agree to sth;
    ¿en qué quedamos? what did we agree?
    7
    :
    por mí que no quede it’s fine by me
    * * *
    quedar vi
    1) permanecer: to remain, to stay
    2) : to be
    quedamos contentos con las mejoras: we were pleased with the improvements
    3) : to be situated
    queda muy lejos: it's very far, it's too far away
    4) : to be left
    quedan sólo dos alternativas: there are only two options left
    5) : to fit, to suit
    estos zapatos no me quedan: these shoes don't fit
    6)
    quedar bien (mal) : to turn out well (badly)
    7)
    quedar en : to agree, to arrange
    ¿en qué quedamos?: what's the arrangement, then?
    * * *
    quedar vb
    1. (haber) to be left
    ¿quedan cebollas? are there any onions left?
    2. (permanecer) to remain
    3. (tener) to have left
    4. (faltar) to have to do
    5. (distancia, tiempo)
    6. (resultar) to be
    7. (estar) to be
    ¿dónde queda la estación? where's the station?
    8. (citarse) to meet [pt. & pp. met]
    ¿a qué hora quedamos? what time shall we meet?
    10. (sentar bien ropa) to suit

    Spanish-English dictionary > quedar

  • 4 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 5 bleiben

    v/i; bleibt, blieb, ist geblieben
    1. (sich aufhalten, verweilen) stay, stop umg.; zu lange: tarry, linger; zu Hause bleiben stay at home; nicht ausgehen auch: stay in; im Bett bleiben stay in bed; draußen bleiben stay out; hinten bleiben be ( oder get) left behind; zum Essen bleiben stay for dinner; bleiben Sie bitte am Apparat please hold (the line); bleib auf deinem Platz stay where you are, don’t move; wir blieben über Nacht in einem Hotel we stopped ( oder stayed) at a hotel overnight umg.; und wo bleibe ich? umg. what about me?, and where do I come into it?; wir müssen ( selber) sehen, wo wir bleiben we’ll just have to fend for ourselves (do our own thing umg.); sieh zu, wo du bleibst! umg. you’re on your own, kid!; bleib mir damit vom Hals(e)! don’t bother me with such things; solange er in seinen Grenzen bleibt as long as he stays within his limits, as long as he doesn’t push himself too far; das bleibt unter uns! that’s between you and me, keep that under your hat umg.; im Krieg etc. bleiben (fallen) fall, be killed; Ball1, Leib etc.
    2. bleiben bei unverändert bei einer Sache: keep to, stick to, einer Meinung, Entscheidung etc.: stick to, stand by; bei der Wahrheit bleiben stick to the truth; wollen wir doch bei der Sache bleiben let’s stick ( oder keep) to the point ( oder subject), let’s get back on track umg.; ich bleibe dabei I’m not going to change my mind; ich bleibe dabei, dass... I still think ( oder maintain etc.) that...; ich bleibe bei meinem Versprechen / meiner Meinung I shall ( oder will) abide by my promise / opinion; ich bleibe ( lieber) bei(m) Bier (I think) I’ll stick to beer, thanks; Schuster, bleib bei deinem Leisten! Sprichw. let the cobbler stick to his last; Sache, Stange, Takt1 1, treu I
    3. in einem Zustand: remain, stay, continue (to be), keep; an / aus bleiben stay oder be kept on / off; geschlossen / trocken bleiben stay closed / dry; gesund bleiben stay ( oder keep) healthy; bleib gesund! mind how you go, now, take care!, keep well ( oder fit); am Leben bleiben stay alive; ruhig / gelassen bleiben keep quiet / one’s temper; unbestraft / unentdeckt bleiben go unpunished / undiscovered; unbenannt / anonym bleiben remain unnamed / anonymous; er bleibt immer freundlich he’s always very pleasant; sie wird sich immer treu bleiben she will always be the same; unsere Bemühungen blieben ohne Erfolg all our efforts were in vain; die Sache bleibt ein Geheimnis the affair remains a mystery; für sich bleiben keep to o.s.; bleib(, wo du bist)! stay where you are!, don’t move!; bleib, wie du bist stay the way you are; er wird uns stets in Erinnerung bleiben we will never forget him; in Todesanzeige: he will remain in our memory for ever; der Tag wird mir noch lange in Erinnerung bleiben well that’s a day I won’t forget in a hurry umg.; ruhig I
    4. mit Verb: remain, stay; bleiben Sie ( doch) sitzen! don’t get up, please; bleib doch sitzen! ungeduldig: can’t you sit still (for one minute)?; hängen1 6, liegen 7, stehen I 3-5
    5. etw. bleiben lassen (nicht tun) not do s.th., leave (s.th) alone; dann lass es eben bleiben don’t, then; nobody’s forcing you; das wirst du schön bleiben lassen! you’ll do nothing of the sort ( oder kind)!, don’t you dare!; lass es lieber bleiben (better) leave it
    6. etw. bleiben lassen (aufhören mit) stop (doing) s.th.; lass das bleiben! stop it ( oder that)!, don’t do that!, leave it alone!; er kann es nicht bleiben lassen he won’t stop (doing it); das Rauchen / Trinken etc. bleiben lassen stop ( oder quit umg.) smoking / drinking etc.
    7. (übrig bleiben) be left (over), remain; nur drei blieben ( noch) only three remained; uns bleibt nicht mehr viel Zeit we haven’t got ( oder there isn’t) much time left; mir bleibt keine ( andere) Wahl I have no choice ( als zu + Inf. but to + Inf.); es bleibt ihr nur die Erinnerung an ihn all she has left are the memories of him; jetzt bleibt uns nur noch eine Chance we have only one chance left, this is our last chance; vorbehalten II
    8. (wegbleiben) wo bleibt er denn? what’s taking him (so long)?, where’s he got to?; wo bist du so lange geblieben? where’ve you been all this time?, what took you so long?; wo ist denn der Peter geblieben? where’s Peter got to ( oder gone)?, what’s happened to Peter?; wo ist nur mein Schlüssel geblieben? what have I done with my key?; Kinder, wo ist nur die Zeit geblieben? Goodness, what’s happened to the time?
    9. unpers.: es bleibt dabei! that’s final ( oder settled) then, agreed!; und dabei bleibt es! and that’s that, and that’s final; dabei wird es nicht bleiben that won’t be the end of it ( oder the last we’ll etc. hear of it), matters won’t rest ( oder stop umg.) there; dabei muss es bleiben there the matter must rest, we’ll have to leave it there umg.; es wird bei unserer Abmachung bleiben we’ll stick to our agreement; es kann nicht dabei bleiben (so kann es nicht weiter gehen) it can’t go on like this; es wird nicht bei nur einem Fehler bleiben that won’t be the only mistake ( oder fault); es bleibt nur noch wenig zu tun there isn’t much left to be done; bleibt nur noch zu hoffen, dass... we can only hope (that)..., (well,) let’s hope (that)...; abwarten I, überlassen etc.
    * * *
    to remain; to keep; to rest; to stay; to abide
    * * *
    blei|ben ['blaibn] pret blieb [bliːp] ptp geblieben [gə'bliːbn]
    vi aux sein
    1) (= sich nicht verändern) to stay, to remain

    unbelohnt/unbestraft bléíben — to go unrewarded/unpunished

    unbeachtet bléíben — to go unnoticed, to escape notice

    unbeantwortet bléíben — to be left or to remain unanswered

    unvergessen bléíben — to continue to be remembered

    in Verbindung bléíben — to keep or stay or remain in touch

    in Übung/Form bléíben — to keep in practice/form

    jdm in or in jds Erinnerung bléíben — to stay or remain in sb's mind

    ruhig/still bléíben — to keep calm/quiet

    wach bléíben — to stay or keep awake

    Freunde bléíben — to stay or remain friends, to go on being friends

    2) (= sich nicht bewegen, zu Besuch bleiben) to stay; (= nicht weggehen, nicht zurückkommen) to stay, to remain

    sitzen/stehen bléíben — to stay sitting down/standing up, to remain seated/standing

    bitte, bléíben Sie doch sitzen — please don't get up

    von etw bléíben — to stay or keep away from sth

    wo sind denn all die alten Häuser geblieben? — what (has) happened to all the old houses?, where have all the old houses gone (to)?

    See:
    → Ball
    3) (fig)

    bei etw bléíben — to keep or stick (inf) to sth

    das bleibt unter uns — that's ( just) between ourselves

    wir möchten für or unter uns bléíben — we want to keep ourselves to ourselves

    See:
    → dabei
    4) (= übrig bleiben) to be left, to remain

    es blieb mir keine andere Wahl/Möglichkeit — I had no other choice/possibility

    es blieb keine andere Wahl/Möglichkeit — there was no other choice/possibility

    5)

    (= sein) es bleibt abzuwarten — it remains to be seen

    es bleibt zu hoffen or wünschen, dass... — I/we can only hope that...

    6) (inf = versorgt werden)

    sie können ( selber) sehen, wo sie bléíben — they'll just have to look out for themselves (inf)

    sieh zu, wo du bleibst! — you're on your own! (inf), you'd better look out for yourself! (inf)

    7) (euph = umkommen)
    * * *
    1) (to stay; not to leave: I shall remain here.) remain
    2) (to continue to be: The problem remains unsolved.) remain
    3) (to remain, last or continue for a long time or after the expected time: The smell of the bad fish lingered for days.) linger
    4) (to remain (in a place) for a time, eg while travelling, or as a guest etc: We stayed three nights at that hotel / with a friend / in Paris; Aunt Mary is coming to stay (for a fortnight); Would you like to stay for supper?; Stay and watch that television programme.) stay
    5) (to remain (in a particular position, place, state or condition): The doctor told her to stay in bed; He never stays long in any job; Stay away from the office till your cold is better; Why won't these socks stay up?; Stay where you are - don't move!; In 1900, people didn't realize that motor cars were here to stay.) stay
    6) (to stay: Will you be stopping long at the hotel?) stop
    * * *
    blei·ben
    <blieb, geblieben>
    [ˈblaibn̩]
    vi Hilfsverb: sein
    1. (verweilen) to stay
    \bleiben Sie doch noch! do stay!
    ich bleibe noch zwei Jahre in der Schule I'll be staying at school another two years
    ich bleibe heute etwas länger im Büro I'll be working late today
    \bleiben Sie am Apparat! hold the line!
    bleibt am Platz! stay seated [or in your seats]!
    wo bleibst du so lange? what has been keeping you all this time?
    wo sie nur so lange bleibt? wherever has she got to?
    wo ist meine Brieftasche geblieben? where has my wallet got to?, what has happened to my wallet?
    wo sind die Jahre bloß geblieben? how the years have flown [or passed by]!
    im Bett \bleiben to stay in bed
    zum Frühstück \bleiben to stay for breakfast
    auf dem Weg \bleiben to stay on [or keep to] the path
    für sich akk \bleiben wollen to want to be alone
    er ist ein Einzelgänger und will lieber für sich \bleiben he's a loner and likes to be by himself
    unter [o für] sich \bleiben wollen to want to keep to themselves
    in den Ferien \bleiben wir gern[e] unter uns on holidays we like to keep to ourselves
    wir \bleiben ganz unter uns there'll just be us
    ▪ bei jdm \bleiben to stay with sb
    2. (fig: nicht verlassen) to stay
    das bleibt unter uns that's [just] between ourselves [or fam between you and me and the bedpost]
    jdm in Erinnerung \bleiben to stay in sb's mind [or memory]
    im Rahmen \bleiben to keep within reasonable bounds
    3. (andauern) to last, to persist
    hoffentlich bleibt die Sonne noch eine Weile I do hope the sunshine lasts for a while yet
    der Regen dürfte vorerst \bleiben the rain should persist for the time being
    4. (wohnen) to stay
    ich habe immer noch keine Wohnung gefunden, wo ich \bleiben kann I still haven't found a place to stay
    5. (fam: zurechtkommen)
    und wo bleibe ich? and what about me?
    [selbst] [zu]sehen müssen, wo man bleibt to have to look out [or to fend] for oneself
    6. (euph geh: umkommen)
    im Feld \bleiben to fall in battle
    im Krieg/auf See \bleiben to die in the war/at sea
    7. (sich fernhalten, meiden)
    ▪ von jdm/etw \bleiben (fam) to stay away from sb/sth
    8. (nicht aufgeben)
    ▪ bei etw dat \bleiben to stick [or keep] to sth
    bleibt es bei unserer Abmachung? does our arrangement still stand?
    ich bleibe bei meiner alten Marke I'll stick to [or stay with] my old brand
    ich bleibe bei Weißwein I'm sticking to [or fam with] white wine
    dabei bleibt es! [and] that's that [or the end of it]!
    dabei \bleiben, dass... to still think [or say] that...
    9. (weiterhin sein) to stay, to remain
    ihre Klagen blieben ungehört her complaints were not listened to [or fell on deaf ears]
    die Lage blieb [weiterhin] angespannt the situation remained tense
    morgen \bleiben alle Geschäfte geschlossen all the shops are closed tomorrow
    er ist ganz der Alte geblieben he hasn't changed a bit [since I last saw him]
    in Form \bleiben to keep in shape
    Freunde \bleiben to remain [or go on being] friends
    frisch \bleiben to keep [fresh]
    gelassen/wach \bleiben to stay [or keep] calm/awake
    hartnäckig/inkonsequent/unzugänglich \bleiben to be still stubborn/inconsistent/inaccessible
    am Leben \bleiben to stay alive
    Präsident/Vorsitzender \bleiben to continue as president/chairman
    tot \bleiben ESP NORDD (fam: sterben) to die, to snuff it BRIT fam
    in Übung \bleiben to keep practising
    unbeachtet \bleiben to go unnoticed, to escape notice
    unbeantwortet \bleiben Brief to go [or remain] unanswered
    mein Brief ist bis jetzt unbeantwortet geblieben so far I have received no reply to my letter
    unbelohnt/unbestraft \bleiben to go unrewarded/unpunished
    unvergessen \bleiben to continue to be remembered
    diese Ereignisse werden mir für immer unvergessen \bleiben I shall never forget those events
    in Verbindung \bleiben to keep [or stay] [or remain] in touch
    10. (belassen werden) to stay [or remain] unchanged
    „bleibt“ TYPO “please retain”, “stet” spec
    es bleibt wenigstens die Hoffnung, dass... at least there's the hope that...
    eine Hoffnung/Möglichkeit bleibt uns noch we still have one hope/possibility left
    was bleibt mir dann? what shall I do?
    was blieb ihm anderes als nachzugeben? what else could he do but give in?
    es blieb ihr nur noch die Flucht her only choice was to flee
    es bleibt keine andere Möglichkeit/Wahl there is no other alternative/choice
    es blieb mir keine andere Möglichkeit/Wahl I was left with no other alternative/choice
    12. (sein, gelten)
    es bleibt Ihnen belassen, wie Sie sich entscheiden it's up to you how you decide
    es bleibt abzuwarten, ob... it remains to be seen whether...
    es bleibt zu hoffen/wünschen, dass... we/you etc. can only hope/wish that...
    es bleibt sehr zu wünschen, dass... we sincerely hope that...
    13. (fam: unterlassen)
    etw \bleiben lassen to refrain from sth; (aufhören mit) to stop sth; (aufgeben) to give up sth; (einmalig) to give sth a miss fam; (nicht wagen) to forget sth fam
    lass das/es [gefälligst] \bleiben! don't do that/it!; (hör auf) stop that/it!
    du willst ihr die Wahrheit sagen? das würde ich an deiner Stelle lieber \bleiben lassen! you want to tell her the truth? I wouldn't do that if I were you!
    das Rauchen \bleiben lassen to give up [or stop] smoking
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) stay; remain

    wo bleibst du denn so lange? — where have you been or what's been keeping you all this time?

    auf dem Weg bleiben — keep to or stay on the path

    bei etwas bleiben — (fig.): (an etwas festhalten) keep or stick to something

    jemandem in Erinnerung od. im Gedächtnis bleiben — stay in somebody's mind or memory

    das bleibt unter uns — (Dat.) that's [just] between ourselves

    zusehen können, wo man bleibt — (ugs.) have to fend for oneself

    im Feld/im Krieg/auf See bleiben — (verhüll. geh.) die or fall in action/die in the war/die at sea

    unbestraft/unbemerkt bleiben — go unpunished/go unnoticed or escape notice

    sitzen bleiben — stay or remain sitting down or seated

    dabei bleibt es! — (ugs.): (daran wird nichts mehr geändert) that's that; that's the end of it

    2)

    es bleibt zu hoffen, dass... — we can only hope that...

    3) (übrigbleiben) be left; remain

    uns (Dat.) bleibt noch Zeit — we still have time

    4)

    etwas bleiben lassen — give something a miss; forget something

    das Rauchen bleiben lassen — (aufgeben) give up or stop smoking

    * * *
    bleiben v/i; bleibt, blieb, ist geblieben
    1. (sich aufhalten, verweilen) stay, stop umg; zu lange: tarry, linger;
    zu Hause bleiben stay at home; nicht ausgehen auch: stay in;
    im Bett bleiben stay in bed;
    draußen bleiben stay out;
    hinten bleiben be ( oder get) left behind;
    zum Essen bleiben stay for dinner;
    bleiben Sie bitte am Apparat please hold (the line);
    bleib auf deinem Platz stay where you are, don’t move;
    wir blieben über Nacht in einem Hotel we stopped ( oder stayed) at a hotel overnight umg;
    und wo bleibe ich? umg what about me?, and where do I come into it?;
    wir müssen (selber) sehen, wo wir bleiben we’ll just have to fend for ourselves (do our own thing umg);
    sieh zu, wo du bleibst! umg you’re on your own, kid!;
    bleib mir damit vom Hals(e)! don’t bother me with such things;
    solange er in seinen Grenzen bleibt as long as he stays within his limits, as long as he doesn’t push himself too far;
    das bleibt unter uns! that’s between you and me, keep that under your hat umg;
    im Krieg etc
    bleiben (fallen) fall, be killed; → Ball1, Leib etc
    2.
    bleiben bei unverändert bei einer Sache: keep to, stick to, einer Meinung, Entscheidung etc: stick to, stand by;
    bei der Wahrheit bleiben stick to the truth;
    wollen wir doch bei der Sache bleiben let’s stick ( oder keep) to the point ( oder subject), let’s get back on track umg;
    ich bleibe dabei I’m not going to change my mind;
    ich bleibe dabei, dass … I still think ( oder maintain etc) that …;
    ich bleibe bei meinem Versprechen/meiner Meinung I shall ( oder will) abide by my promise/opinion;
    ich bleibe (lieber) bei(m) Bier (I think) I’ll stick to beer, thanks;
    Schuster, bleib bei deinem Leisten! sprichw let the cobbler stick to his last; → Sache, Stange, Takt1 1, treu A
    3. in einem Zustand: remain, stay, continue (to be), keep;
    an/aus bleiben stay oder be kept on/off;
    geschlossen/trocken bleiben stay closed/dry;
    gesund bleiben stay ( oder keep) healthy;
    bleib gesund! mind how you go, now, take care!, keep well ( oder fit);
    am Leben bleiben stay alive;
    ruhig/gelassen bleiben keep quiet/one’s temper;
    unbestraft/unentdeckt bleiben go unpunished/undiscovered;
    unbenannt/anonym bleiben remain unnamed/anonymous;
    er bleibt immer freundlich he’s always very pleasant;
    sie wird sich immer treu bleiben she will always be the same;
    unsere Bemühungen blieben ohne Erfolg all our efforts were in vain;
    die Sache bleibt ein Geheimnis the affair remains a mystery;
    für sich bleiben keep to o.s.;
    bleib(, wo du bist)! stay where you are!, don’t move!;
    bleib, wie du bist stay the way you are;
    er wird uns stets in Erinnerung bleiben we will never forget him; in Todesanzeige: he will remain in our memory for ever;
    der Tag wird mir noch lange in Erinnerung bleiben well that’s a day I won’t forget in a hurry umg; → ruhig A
    4. mit Verb: remain, stay;
    bleiben Sie (doch) sitzen! don’t get up, please;
    bleib doch sitzen! ungeduldig: can’t you sit still (for one minute)?; → hängen1 6, liegen 7, stehen A 3-5
    5. etwas
    bleiben lassen (nicht tun) not do sth, leave (s.th) alone;
    dann lass es eben bleiben don’t, then; nobody’s forcing you;
    das wirst du schön bleiben lassen! you’ll do nothing of the sort ( oder kind)!, don’t you dare!;
    lass es lieber bleiben (better) leave it
    6. etwas
    bleiben lassen (aufhören mit) stop (doing) sth;
    lass das bleiben! stop it ( oder that)!, don’t do that!, leave it alone!;
    er kann es nicht bleiben lassen he won’t stop (doing it);
    das Rauchen/Trinken etc
    bleiben lassen stop ( oder quit umg) smoking/drinking etc
    7. (übrig bleiben) be left (over), remain;
    nur drei blieben (noch) only three remained;
    uns bleibt nicht mehr viel Zeit we haven’t got ( oder there isn’t) much time left;
    mir bleibt keine (andere) Wahl I have no choice (
    als zu +inf but to +inf);
    es bleibt ihr nur die Erinnerung an ihn all she has left are the memories of him;
    jetzt bleibt uns nur noch eine Chance we have only one chance left, this is our last chance; → vorbehalten B
    wo bleibt er denn? what’s taking him (so long)?, where’s he got to?;
    wo bist du so lange geblieben? where’ve you been all this time?, what took you so long?;
    wo ist denn der Peter geblieben? where’s Peter got to ( oder gone)?, what’s happened to Peter?;
    wo ist nur mein Schlüssel geblieben? what have I done with my key?;
    Kinder, wo ist nur die Zeit geblieben? Goodness, what’s happened to the time?
    9. unpers:
    es bleibt dabei! that’s final ( oder settled) then, agreed!;
    und dabei bleibt es! and that’s that, and that’s final;
    dabei wird es nicht bleiben that won’t be the end of it ( oder the last we’ll etc hear of it), matters won’t rest ( oder stop umg) there;
    dabei muss es bleiben there the matter must rest, we’ll have to leave it there umg;
    es kann nicht dabei bleiben (so kann es nicht weiter gehen) it can’t go on like this;
    es wird nicht bei nur einem Fehler bleiben that won’t be the only mistake ( oder fault);
    es bleibt nur noch wenig zu tun there isn’t much left to be done;
    bleibt nur noch zu hoffen, dass … we can only hope (that) …, (well,) let’s hope (that) …; → abwarten A, überlassen etc
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) stay; remain

    wo bleibst du denn so lange? — where have you been or what's been keeping you all this time?

    auf dem Weg bleiben — keep to or stay on the path

    bei etwas bleiben — (fig.): (an etwas festhalten) keep or stick to something

    jemandem in Erinnerung od. im Gedächtnis bleiben — stay in somebody's mind or memory

    das bleibt unter uns — (Dat.) that's [just] between ourselves

    zusehen können, wo man bleibt — (ugs.) have to fend for oneself

    im Feld/im Krieg/auf See bleiben — (verhüll. geh.) die or fall in action/die in the war/die at sea

    unbestraft/unbemerkt bleiben — go unpunished/go unnoticed or escape notice

    sitzen bleiben — stay or remain sitting down or seated

    dabei bleibt es! — (ugs.): (daran wird nichts mehr geändert) that's that; that's the end of it

    2)

    es bleibt zu hoffen, dass... — we can only hope that...

    3) (übrigbleiben) be left; remain

    uns (Dat.) bleibt noch Zeit — we still have time

    4)

    etwas bleiben lassen — give something a miss; forget something

    das Rauchen bleiben lassen — (aufgeben) give up or stop smoking

    * * *
    adj.
    abided adj. v.
    (§ p.,pp.: blieb, ist geblieben)
    = to abide v.
    to remain v.
    to rest v.
    to stay v. v.
    to abide Verb
    to abide v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bleiben

  • 6 С-177

    СОБИРАТЬСЯ/СОБРАТЬСЯ С СИЛАМИ VP subj: human
    1. (if pfv, often infin with надо, нужно etc) to gather one's strength (before doing sth. difficult, after having been ill etc)
    X соберётся с силами - X will summon
    muster, regain) his strength
    X will recharge his batteries X will get his (a) second wind X will rally (and do sth.) X will rally his strength (his energy etc)
    (Прокурор) сделал новое волевое усилие, чтобы двинуть ногой, но она была неподвижна... Он решил передохнуть, собраться с новыми силами, усыпить бдительность организма (Войнович 4)....He (the prosecutor) made another effort of the will to make his leg move, but it remained motionless....He decided to catch his breath, summon new strength, and lull the body's vigilance (4a).
    ...Сам я, живой человек, смотрел на эту сцену откуда-то сбоку и свысока, и я тоже плакал и кричал во весь голос, чтобы они подождали со мною прощаться, потому что, может быть, я соберусь ещё с силами и встану (Терц 2)....I was still alive and I was looking down at the scene from somewhere on the side, and I cried as well, and shouted at the top of my voice, telling them to wait, because I might still rally and get up (2a).
    2. (more often pfv, esp. past or Verbal Adv собравшись) to make up one's mind to do sth., overcoming fear, timidity, uncertainty etc: X собрался с силами - X summoned (gathered, mustered) his strength (courage)
    X braced himself X took (got) hold of himself (in limited contexts) X pulled himself together.
    Найман-Ана осталась на месте, присела на корточки, всхлипывая... и так сидела, не поднимая головы. Потом собралась с силами, пошла к сыну, стараясь сохранить спокойствие (Айтматов 2). Naiman-Ana remained where she was and squatted down, sobbing...and not raising her head. Then she gathered her strength and walked over to her son, trying to keep calm (2a).
    Нужно было дать ответ Гастону Руа... Лансье собрался с силами и сказал: «Хорошо» (Эренбург 1). Не (Lander) had to give Gaston Roy an answer...Lancier pulled himself together and said: "All right" (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-177

  • 7 собираться с силами

    • СОБИРАТЬСЯ/СОБРАТЬСЯ С СИЛАМИ
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    1. [if pfv, often infin with надо, нужно etc]
    ⇒ to gather one's strength (before doing sth. difficult, after having been ill etc):
    - X соберётся с силами≈ X will summon <muster, regain> his strength;
    - X will get his <a> second wind;
    - X will rally (and do sth.);
    - X will rally his strength <his energy etc>.
         ♦ [Прокурор] сделал новое волевое усилие, чтобы двинуть ногой, но она была неподвижна... Он решил передохнуть, собраться с новыми силами, усыпить бдительность организма (Войнович 4).... Не [the prosecutor] made another effort of the will to make his leg move, but it remained motionless....He decided to catch his breath, summon new strength, and lull the body's vigilance (4a).
         ♦...Сам я, живой человек, смотрел на эту сцену откуда-то сбоку и свысока, и я тоже плакал и кричал во весь голос, чтобы они подождали со мною прощаться, потому что, может быть, я соберусь ещё с силами и встану (Терц 2)....I was still alive and I was looking down at the scene from somewhere on the side, and I cried as well, and shouted at the top of my voice, telling them to wait, because I might still rally and get up (2a).
    2. [more often pfv, esp. past or Verbal Adv собравшись]
    ⇒ to make up one's mind to do sth., overcoming fear, timidity, uncertainty etc:
    - X собрался с силами≈ X summoned <gathered, mustered> his strength (courage);
    - X took < got> hold of himself;
    - [in limited contexts] X pulled himself together.
         ♦ Найман-Ана осталась на месте, присела на корточки, всхлипывая... и так сидела, не поднимая головы. Потом собралась с силами, пошла к сыну, стараясь сохранить спокойствие (Айтматов 2). Naiman-Ana remained where she was and squatted down, sobbing...and not raising her head. Then she gathered her strength and walked over to her son, trying to keep calm (2a).
         ♦ Нужно было дать ответ Гастону Руа... Лансье собрался с силами и сказал: " Хорошо" (Эренбург 1). Не [Lancier] had to give Gaston Roy an answer....Lancier pulled himself together and said: "All right" (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > собираться с силами

  • 8 собраться с силами

    • СОБИРАТЬСЯ/СОБРАТЬСЯ С СИЛАМИ
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    1. [if pfv, often infin with надо, нужно etc]
    ⇒ to gather one's strength (before doing sth. difficult, after having been ill etc):
    - X соберётся с силами≈ X will summon <muster, regain> his strength;
    - X will get his <a> second wind;
    - X will rally (and do sth.);
    - X will rally his strength <his energy etc>.
         ♦ [Прокурор] сделал новое волевое усилие, чтобы двинуть ногой, но она была неподвижна... Он решил передохнуть, собраться с новыми силами, усыпить бдительность организма (Войнович 4).... Не [the prosecutor] made another effort of the will to make his leg move, but it remained motionless....He decided to catch his breath, summon new strength, and lull the body's vigilance (4a).
         ♦...Сам я, живой человек, смотрел на эту сцену откуда-то сбоку и свысока, и я тоже плакал и кричал во весь голос, чтобы они подождали со мною прощаться, потому что, может быть, я соберусь ещё с силами и встану (Терц 2)....I was still alive and I was looking down at the scene from somewhere on the side, and I cried as well, and shouted at the top of my voice, telling them to wait, because I might still rally and get up (2a).
    2. [more often pfv, esp. past or Verbal Adv собравшись]
    ⇒ to make up one's mind to do sth., overcoming fear, timidity, uncertainty etc:
    - X собрался с силами≈ X summoned <gathered, mustered> his strength (courage);
    - X took < got> hold of himself;
    - [in limited contexts] X pulled himself together.
         ♦ Найман-Ана осталась на месте, присела на корточки, всхлипывая... и так сидела, не поднимая головы. Потом собралась с силами, пошла к сыну, стараясь сохранить спокойствие (Айтматов 2). Naiman-Ana remained where she was and squatted down, sobbing...and not raising her head. Then she gathered her strength and walked over to her son, trying to keep calm (2a).
         ♦ Нужно было дать ответ Гастону Руа... Лансье собрался с силами и сказал: " Хорошо" (Эренбург 1). Не [Lancier] had to give Gaston Roy an answer....Lancier pulled himself together and said: "All right" (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > собраться с силами

  • 9 raro

    adj.
    1 unusual, curious, rare, out of the common.
    2 strange, odd, queer, far-out.
    3 unfamiliar.
    * * *
    2 (escaso) scarce, rare
    3 (peculiar) odd, strange, weird
    4 (excelente) excellent
    ■ escribió un libro raro, una verdadera obra de arte she wrote a very good book, a real work of art
    \
    ¡qué raro! how odd!, that's strange!
    rara vez seldom
    * * *
    (f. - rara)
    adj.
    1) rare, uncommon, unusual, funny
    2) bizarre, weird
    3) odd
    •
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=extraño) strange, odd

    es raro que no haya llamado — it's strange o odd that he hasn't called

    ¡qué raro!, ¡qué cosa más rara! — how (very) strange!, how (very) odd!

    2) (=poco común) rare

    con alguna rara excepción — with few o rare exceptions

    de rara perfección — of rare perfection, of remarkable perfection

    rara vez nos visita, rara es la vez que nos visita — he rarely visits us

    3) (Fís) rare, rarefied
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq)

    es raro que... — it's strange o odd o funny that...

    qué cosa más rara! or qué raro! — how odd o strange!

    te noto muy raro hoy — you're acting very strangely today; ver bicho 2)

    b) ( poco frecuente) rare

    raro es el día que... — there's rarely o hardly a day when...

    aquí es raro que nieve — it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here

    2) < gas> rare
    * * *
    = bizarre, queer, rare, unusual, eccentric, odd, uncommon, untoward, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], awry, funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.], outlandish, freaky [freakier -comp., freakiest -sup.], uncanny, cranky [crankier -comp., crankiest -sup.], kinky [kinkier -comp., kinkiest -sup.], flaky [flakey], freakish, quirky [quirkier -comp., quirkiest -sup.].
    Ex. Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.
    Ex. Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest.
    Ex. In practice critical abstracts are rare, and certainly do not usually feature in published secondary services.
    Ex. If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.
    Ex. School classrooms are sometimes extraordinarily badly designed with poor acoustics, ineffective blackout facilities, and notoriously eccentric electrical outlets.
    Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex. Early woodcut initials, coats of arms, etc., were sometimes made from wood cut across the grain, but the use of end-grain blocks remained uncommon until the later eighteenth century.
    Ex. Perhaps, he questioned himself, this is the way every principal operates, and there is nothing untoward in it.
    Ex. This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.
    Ex. Could she not have detected that something in his behavior was awry?.
    Ex. The article 'What's that funny noise? Videogames in the library' explains how videogames have attracted many young irregular library users who may, in time, extend their attention to other library facilities.
    Ex. This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.
    Ex. This film is really just a series of throwaway skits that the director and scriptwriter attempt to lard with parody and freaky fantasy.
    Ex. Surrealism is an art concerned not with love and liberation but with the uncanny, the compulsion to repeat, and the drive toward death.
    Ex. For example, you already know that living in a windowless room will make you cranky and out of sorts.
    Ex. However, those desiring something off-the-wall, borderline kinky, and just plain mad might appreciate the novel.
    Ex. Children who were in some way different were excused from family responsibilities in childhood because they were, for example, 'spoiled,' a 'problem child,' or ' flaky'.
    Ex. 1816 was one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions that reduced incoming sunlight.
    Ex. 'Why are barns frequently painted red?' -- These are the curious, slightly bizarre and somewhat quirky kinds of questions librarians deal with.
    ----
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.
    * bicho raro = rare bird, odd bird, odd fish, freak of nature, rare breed, weirdo, nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], geek, nerd, geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection.
    * de forma rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera rara = oddly, funnily.
    * demasiado raro = all too rare.
    * de modo raro = funnily.
    * de una manera rara = strangely.
    * de un modo raro = freakishly.
    * edición rara = rare edition.
    * en casos raros = in rare cases.
    * enfermedad rara = rare disease.
    * en raras ocasiones = in rare cases.
    * en raros casos = in rare cases.
    * especie rara = rare breed.
    * haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.
    * libro raro = rare book.
    * muy rara vez = all too seldom, once in a blue moon.
    * parecer raro = sound + odd.
    * por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * ¡qué raro! = how strange!.
    * rara vez = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions.
    * sala de libros raros = rare book room.
    * salvo raras excepciones = with rare exceptions.
    * ser algo muy raro = be a rare occurrence.
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq)

    es raro que... — it's strange o odd o funny that...

    qué cosa más rara! or qué raro! — how odd o strange!

    te noto muy raro hoy — you're acting very strangely today; ver bicho 2)

    b) ( poco frecuente) rare

    raro es el día que... — there's rarely o hardly a day when...

    aquí es raro que nieve — it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here

    2) < gas> rare
    * * *
    = bizarre, queer, rare, unusual, eccentric, odd, uncommon, untoward, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], awry, funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.], outlandish, freaky [freakier -comp., freakiest -sup.], uncanny, cranky [crankier -comp., crankiest -sup.], kinky [kinkier -comp., kinkiest -sup.], flaky [flakey], freakish, quirky [quirkier -comp., quirkiest -sup.].

    Ex: Some of them will be sufficiently bizarre to suit the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.

    Ex: Several years later, his talk with a friend turns to the queer ways in which a people resist innovations, even of vital interest.
    Ex: In practice critical abstracts are rare, and certainly do not usually feature in published secondary services.
    Ex: If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.
    Ex: School classrooms are sometimes extraordinarily badly designed with poor acoustics, ineffective blackout facilities, and notoriously eccentric electrical outlets.
    Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex: Early woodcut initials, coats of arms, etc., were sometimes made from wood cut across the grain, but the use of end-grain blocks remained uncommon until the later eighteenth century.
    Ex: Perhaps, he questioned himself, this is the way every principal operates, and there is nothing untoward in it.
    Ex: This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.
    Ex: Could she not have detected that something in his behavior was awry?.
    Ex: The article 'What's that funny noise? Videogames in the library' explains how videogames have attracted many young irregular library users who may, in time, extend their attention to other library facilities.
    Ex: This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.
    Ex: This film is really just a series of throwaway skits that the director and scriptwriter attempt to lard with parody and freaky fantasy.
    Ex: Surrealism is an art concerned not with love and liberation but with the uncanny, the compulsion to repeat, and the drive toward death.
    Ex: For example, you already know that living in a windowless room will make you cranky and out of sorts.
    Ex: However, those desiring something off-the-wall, borderline kinky, and just plain mad might appreciate the novel.
    Ex: Children who were in some way different were excused from family responsibilities in childhood because they were, for example, 'spoiled,' a 'problem child,' or ' flaky'.
    Ex: 1816 was one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions that reduced incoming sunlight.
    Ex: 'Why are barns frequently painted red?' -- These are the curious, slightly bizarre and somewhat quirky kinds of questions librarians deal with.
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.
    * bicho raro = rare bird, odd bird, odd fish, freak of nature, rare breed, weirdo, nerdy [nerdier -comp., nerdiest -sup.], geek, nerd, geeky [geekier -comp., geekiest -sup.].
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection.
    * de forma rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera rara = oddly, funnily.
    * demasiado raro = all too rare.
    * de modo raro = funnily.
    * de una manera rara = strangely.
    * de un modo raro = freakishly.
    * edición rara = rare edition.
    * en casos raros = in rare cases.
    * enfermedad rara = rare disease.
    * en raras ocasiones = in rare cases.
    * en raros casos = in rare cases.
    * especie rara = rare breed.
    * haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.
    * libro raro = rare book.
    * muy rara vez = all too seldom, once in a blue moon.
    * parecer raro = sound + odd.
    * por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * ¡qué raro! = how strange!.
    * rara vez = infrequently, rarely, seldom, uncommonly, on rare occasions.
    * sala de libros raros = rare book room.
    * salvo raras excepciones = with rare exceptions.
    * ser algo muy raro = be a rare occurrence.

    * * *
    raro -ra
    A
    1 (extraño) strange, odd, funny ( colloq)
    es raro que aún no haya venido it's strange o odd o funny that he hasn't come yet
    ya me parecía raro que no salieras I thought it was a bit strange o odd you weren't going out
    ¡qué cosa más rara! or ¡qué raro! how odd o strange o funny o peculiar!
    me siento raro en este ambiente I feel strange o funny in these surroundings
    es un poco rarilla she's a bit odd o strange o funny o peculiar
    ¿qué te pasa hoy? te noto/estás muy raro what's up with you today? you're acting very strangely
    me miró como si fuera un bicho raro ( fam); he looked at me as if I was some kind of weirdo ( colloq)
    ¡qué tipo más raro! what a strange o peculiar o funny man!
    2 (poco frecuente, común) rare
    salvo raras excepciones with a few rare exceptions
    raro es el día que no sale there's rarely o hardly a day when she doesn't go out
    aquí es raro que nieve it rarely o seldom snows here, it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here
    B ‹gas› rare
    * * *

     

    raro
    ◊ -ra adjetivo

    a) ( extraño) strange, odd, funny (colloq);

    ◊ es raro que … it's strange o odd o funny that …;

    ¡qué raro! how odd o strange!;
    te noto muy raro hoy you're acting very strangely today


    aquí es raro que nieve it's very unusual o rare for it to snow here
    raro,-a adjetivo
    1 (no frecuente) rare: es raro que no llame, it's unusual for her not to telephone
    2 (poco común) odd, strange: ¡qué sombrero más raro!, what a weird hat!
    tiene un raro sentido del humor, he's got a warped sense of humour
    ♦ Locuciones: Paco es un bicho raro, Paco is a weirdo
    ' raro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bicho
    - chocante
    - disgustar
    - individuo
    - particular
    - peculiar
    - rara
    - singular
    - tipo
    - artefacto
    - extraño
    - gusto
    - olor
    - sonar
    English:
    flaky
    - funny
    - most
    - odd
    - odd-looking
    - oddbod
    - oddity
    - odor
    - odour
    - peculiar
    - queer
    - rare
    - set-up
    - should
    - strange
    - strangely
    - unlikely
    - unusual
    - weird
    - for
    - how
    - incongruous
    - like
    - oddball
    - seem
    - strike
    - uncanny
    * * *
    raro, -a adj
    1. [extraño] strange, odd;
    ¡qué raro! how strange o odd!;
    ¡qué raro que no haya llamado! it's very strange o odd that she hasn't called;
    es raro que no nos lo haya dicho it's odd o funny that she didn't tell us;
    ya me parecía raro que no hubiera dicho nada I thought it was strange o odd that he hadn't said anything;
    no sé qué le pasa últimamente, está o [m5] la noto muy rara I don't know what's up with her lately, she's been acting very strangely
    2. [excepcional] unusual, rare;
    [visita] infrequent;
    rara vez rarely;
    es raro el día que viene a comer she very rarely comes round for lunch;
    raro es el que no fuma very few of them don't smoke
    3. [extravagante] odd, eccentric
    4. [escaso] rare
    5. Quím rare
    * * *
    adj
    1 rare
    2 ( extraño) strange;
    ¡qué raro! how strange!
    * * *
    raro, -ra adj
    1) extraño: odd, strange, peculiar
    2) : unusual, rare
    3) : exceptional
    4)
    rara vez : seldom, rarely
    * * *
    raro adj
    1. (extraño) strange / odd

    Spanish-English dictionary > raro

  • 10 pie

    m.
    1 foot.
    a pie on foot
    prefiero ir a pie I'd rather walk o go on foot
    estar de o en pie to be on one's feet o standing
    ponerse de o en pie to stand up
    llevamos dos horas de pie we've been on our feet for two hours
    perder/no hacer pie to go/to be out of one's depth
    pie de atleta athlete's foot
    pies de cerdo (pig's) trotters
    pies planos flat feet
    2 stand.
    pie de foto caption
    3 cue (Teatro).
    4 leg, central support.
    5 Computer Science Academic Program.
    6 pes.
    pret.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) Preterite Indicative of Spanish verb: piar.
    * * *
    1 ANATOMÍA foot
    5 (de un documento) foot; (de una fotografía, dibujo) caption
    \
    a los pies de la cama at the foot of the bed
    a pie on foot
    al pie de (cerca) close by
    al pie de la letra word for word
    al pie del cañón familiar hard at it, working
    creer algo a pies juntillas familiar to believe something implicitly
    dar pie a to give occasion for
    de los pies a la cabeza from head to toe
    empezar con buen/mal pie to start off on the right/wrong foot
    estar en pie de guerra to be on a war footing 2 figurado to be on the war path
    hacer pie to touch the bottom
    ir con pies de plomo to tread very carefully
    nacer de pie to be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth
    no dar pie con bola to mess everything up, not get anything right
    no tener ni pies ni cabeza to be ludicrous, be absurd
    pararle los pies a alguien to put somebody in their place
    poner los pies en to set foot in
    ponerse de/en pie to get to one's feet, stand up
    saber de qué pie cojea alguien to know what somebody's weakness is
    tenerse de pie to keep on one's feet
    pie de atleta athlete's foot
    pies planos flat feet
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) foot
    2) cue
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Anat) foot

    poner el pie en el acelerador — (lit) to step on the gas *; (fig) to speed things up, step up the pace

    pies de cerdo — (Culin) (pig's) trotters

    2) [locuciones]

    • a pie — on foot

    ir a pie — to go on foot, walk

    • estar de pie — to be standing (up)

    permanecieron mucho tiempo de pie — they were standing for a long time, they were on their feet a long time

    • en pie, llevo en pie desde las cuatro — I've been up since four

    mantenerse en pie — [persona] to stay standing o on one's feet; [objeto] to remain upright

    ganado en pie — LAm cattle on the hoof

    • a pie enjuto — † (lit) dry-shod; (fig) without danger, without any risk

    • a pie firme † —

    • ponerse de o en pie — to stand up

    gente de a pie — common o ordinary folk

    soldado de a pie — ( Hist) foot-soldier

    se lo llevaron con los pies por delante — he left feet first, he left in a (wooden) box

    desde el pasado sábado, mi padre no ha puesto los pies en casa — my father hasn't set foot in the house since last Saturday

    - poner los pies en polvorosa

    sin pies ni cabeza —

    el mensaje no tenía ni pies ni cabeza — the message didn't make any sense at all, I couldn't make head or tail of the message

    buscar 1., 1), a)
    3) (=base) [de columna, estatua, lámpara] base; [de cama] foot; [de colina, escalera] foot, bottom; [de copa] stem; [de calcetín] foot

    al pie del monte — at the foot o bottom of the mountain

    al pie de ese edificio — next to that building, right beside that building

    al pie de la obra — (Com) including delivery charges

    al pie del cañón —

    4) [de página] foot, bottom; [de foto] caption
    5) (Bot) [de árbol] trunk; [de planta] stem; [de rosa] stock
    6) (=unidad de medida) foot
    7) (Teat) cue
    8) [de vino] sediment
    9) (=causa)

    • dar pie a — to give cause for

    10) (=posición)

    • estar en pie de igualdad — to be on an equal footing ( con with)

    estar en pie de guerra — (lit) to be on a war footing, be ready to go to war; (fig) to be on the warpath

    11) (Literat) foot
    12) Cono Sur * (=pago) deposit, down payment
    13)

    pie de vía — CAm (Aut) indicator, turn signal (EEUU)

    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Anat) foot

    a sus pies, señora — (frml) at your service, madam (frml)

    ¿vamos a pie o en coche? — shall we walk or take the car?

    hoy ando a pie — (AmL) I'm without wheels today

    al pie — (Col) very close, just round the corner

    en pie: estoy en pie desde las siete I've been up since seven o'clock; no puedo tenerme en pie I can hardly walk/stand; sólo la iglesia quedó en pie only the church remained standing; queda en pie la cita our date is still on; mi oferta/promesa sigue en pie my offer/promise still stands; ganado en pie (AmL) livestock, cattle on the hoof; andarse con pie(s) de plomo (fam) to tread very carefully o warily; a pie pelado (Chi) barefoot, in one's bare feet; a pie(s) juntillas: seguí a pies juntillas sus indicaciones I followed his instructions to the letter; creerse algo a pies juntillas to blindly believe something; buscarle tres or cinco pies al gato (fam) ( buscar complicaciones) to complicate matters; cojear del mismo pie (fam) to be two of a kind (colloq); con los pies (fam) badly; lleva la empresa con los pies he's making a hash o mess of running the company (colloq); con los pies por or para delante (fam & euf) feet first; con los pies sobre la tierra with one's feet on the ground; con mal pie or con el pie izquierdo: empezó con mal pie she got off to a bad start; hoy me levanté or empecé el día con el pie izquierdo I got up on the wrong side of the bed today (AmE), I got out of bed on the wrong side today (BrE); no le des pie para que te critique don't give him cause o reason to criticize you; dar pie a algo murmuraciones/especulaciones to give rise to something; esto dio pie a una discusión this caused o was the cause of an argument; darle pie a alguien: de a pie common, ordinary; el ciudadano de a pie the man in the street, the average man/person; de la cabeza a los pies or de pies a cabeza from head to foot o toe, from top to toe (colloq); echar pie atrás (Chi) to back down; en pie de guerra on a war footing; en (un) pie de igualdad on an equal footing; estar a pie (Chi fam) to be lost (colloq); estar atado de pies y manos to be bound hand and foot; estar con un pie en el estribo (fam) to be about to leave; estar con un pie en la tumba or la sepultura or el hoyo to have one foot in the grave; hacer pie to be able to touch the bottom; írsele los pies a alguien: cuando empezó la música se me iban los pies once the music began I couldn't keep my feet still; leche al pie de la vaca (AmL) milk fresh from the cow; levantarse/empezar con buen pie or con el pie derecho to get off to a good start; nacer de pie to be born under a lucky star; no doy/da pie con bola (fam) I/he can't get a thing right; no tener ni pies ni cabeza to make no sense whatsoever; un plan sin pies ni cabeza a crazy o an absurd plan; pararle a alguien los pies (Esp) to put somebody in his/her place (colloq); perder pie ( en el agua) to get out of one's depth; ( resbalarse) to lose one's footing; pies de barro feet of clay; poner (los) pies en polvorosa (fam) to take to one's heels (colloq); poner los pies en un lugar to set foot in a place; por mi/tu/su (propio) pie unaided, without any help; saber de qué pie cojea alguien (Esp fam) to know somebody's faults o weak points; ser más viejo que andar a pie — (CS fam) to be as old as the hills (colloq)

    2)
    a) (de calcetín, media) foot
    b) (de lámpara, columna) base; ( de copa - base) base; (- parte vertical) stem
    c) (de página, escrito) foot, bottom

    una nota a or al pie de página — a footnote

    al pie or a los pies de la montaña — at the foot of the mountain

    al pie del cañón: Ana se quedó al pie del cañón mientras el jefe estaba fuera Ana stayed here to hold the fort while the boss was away; ella es la que está siempre al pie del cañón — she's the one who's always there to keep things going

    d) ( de cama) tb

    pies — foot

    3) (Bot) cutting, slip
    4) ( medida) foot; (Lit) foot
    •
    II [pai]
    masculino (AmL) pie
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Anat) foot

    a sus pies, señora — (frml) at your service, madam (frml)

    ¿vamos a pie o en coche? — shall we walk or take the car?

    hoy ando a pie — (AmL) I'm without wheels today

    al pie — (Col) very close, just round the corner

    en pie: estoy en pie desde las siete I've been up since seven o'clock; no puedo tenerme en pie I can hardly walk/stand; sólo la iglesia quedó en pie only the church remained standing; queda en pie la cita our date is still on; mi oferta/promesa sigue en pie my offer/promise still stands; ganado en pie (AmL) livestock, cattle on the hoof; andarse con pie(s) de plomo (fam) to tread very carefully o warily; a pie pelado (Chi) barefoot, in one's bare feet; a pie(s) juntillas: seguí a pies juntillas sus indicaciones I followed his instructions to the letter; creerse algo a pies juntillas to blindly believe something; buscarle tres or cinco pies al gato (fam) ( buscar complicaciones) to complicate matters; cojear del mismo pie (fam) to be two of a kind (colloq); con los pies (fam) badly; lleva la empresa con los pies he's making a hash o mess of running the company (colloq); con los pies por or para delante (fam & euf) feet first; con los pies sobre la tierra with one's feet on the ground; con mal pie or con el pie izquierdo: empezó con mal pie she got off to a bad start; hoy me levanté or empecé el día con el pie izquierdo I got up on the wrong side of the bed today (AmE), I got out of bed on the wrong side today (BrE); no le des pie para que te critique don't give him cause o reason to criticize you; dar pie a algo murmuraciones/especulaciones to give rise to something; esto dio pie a una discusión this caused o was the cause of an argument; darle pie a alguien: de a pie common, ordinary; el ciudadano de a pie the man in the street, the average man/person; de la cabeza a los pies or de pies a cabeza from head to foot o toe, from top to toe (colloq); echar pie atrás (Chi) to back down; en pie de guerra on a war footing; en (un) pie de igualdad on an equal footing; estar a pie (Chi fam) to be lost (colloq); estar atado de pies y manos to be bound hand and foot; estar con un pie en el estribo (fam) to be about to leave; estar con un pie en la tumba or la sepultura or el hoyo to have one foot in the grave; hacer pie to be able to touch the bottom; írsele los pies a alguien: cuando empezó la música se me iban los pies once the music began I couldn't keep my feet still; leche al pie de la vaca (AmL) milk fresh from the cow; levantarse/empezar con buen pie or con el pie derecho to get off to a good start; nacer de pie to be born under a lucky star; no doy/da pie con bola (fam) I/he can't get a thing right; no tener ni pies ni cabeza to make no sense whatsoever; un plan sin pies ni cabeza a crazy o an absurd plan; pararle a alguien los pies (Esp) to put somebody in his/her place (colloq); perder pie ( en el agua) to get out of one's depth; ( resbalarse) to lose one's footing; pies de barro feet of clay; poner (los) pies en polvorosa (fam) to take to one's heels (colloq); poner los pies en un lugar to set foot in a place; por mi/tu/su (propio) pie unaided, without any help; saber de qué pie cojea alguien (Esp fam) to know somebody's faults o weak points; ser más viejo que andar a pie — (CS fam) to be as old as the hills (colloq)

    2)
    a) (de calcetín, media) foot
    b) (de lámpara, columna) base; ( de copa - base) base; (- parte vertical) stem
    c) (de página, escrito) foot, bottom

    una nota a or al pie de página — a footnote

    al pie or a los pies de la montaña — at the foot of the mountain

    al pie del cañón: Ana se quedó al pie del cañón mientras el jefe estaba fuera Ana stayed here to hold the fort while the boss was away; ella es la que está siempre al pie del cañón — she's the one who's always there to keep things going

    d) ( de cama) tb

    pies — foot

    3) (Bot) cutting, slip
    4) ( medida) foot; (Lit) foot
    •
    II [pai]
    masculino (AmL) pie
    * * *
    pie1
    1 = foot [feet, -pl.], tail, toe.

    Ex: She was tapping with her foot on the carpet.

    Ex: The top and bottom of the book are known as the head and tail respectively, and the front is the fore-edge (rhymes with porridge); similarly the margins round the type on each page are called the head, tail, outer (at the fore-edge), and inner margins.
    Ex: The platen was lashed up tight to the toe of the spindle by cords which connected hooks at its four corners to another set of hooks at the four lower corners of the hose.
    * alfombra de pie de cama = bedside rug.
    * al pie (de) = at the bottom (of), at the foot (of).
    * al pie de la letra = to the letter.
    * andar con pies de plomo = tread + warily.
    * andarse con pies de plomo = walk on + eggshells.
    * apagar un fuego con los pies = stomp out + fire.
    * a pie = on foot, afoot, dismounted.
    * a poca distancia a pie = within an easy walk, within walking distance.
    * a pocos minutos a pie = within walking distance, within easy walking distance, within an easy walk.
    * apoyo para los pies = footrest.
    * arrastrando los pies = shuffling.
    * arrastrar los pies = drag + Posesivo + feet, drag + Posesivo + heels.
    * arreglarse los pies = pedicure.
    * atar de pies y manos = hogtie.
    * bajo los pies = underfoot.
    * baño de pies = footbath.
    * bomba de pie = foot pump.
    * buscarle cinco pies al gato = split + hairs.
    * buscarle los tres pies al gato = nitpick.
    * buscarle tres pies al gato = split + hairs.
    * caer de pie = land on + Posesivo + (own two) feet.
    * carrera a pie = foot race.
    * comenzar Algo con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.
    * comenzar con buen pie = start + Nombre + on the right footing.
    * con el pie deformado = clubfooted.
    * con la punta de los pies mirando hacia dentro = pigeon-toed.
    * con los pies sobre la tierra = down-to-earth.
    * con notas a pie de página = footnoted.
    * con pie firme = sure-footed.
    * con un pie en la tumba = over the hill.
    * cuidado de los pies = footcare.
    * dar pie a = spark off, give + rise to, bring about, lead to, cause, open + the door to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.
    * dedo del pie = toe.
    * dedo gordo del pie, el = big toe, the.
    * dedo meñique del pie = pinkie toe.
    * de dos pies = two-legged.
    * dejar de pie = leave + standing.
    * de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.
    * de nuevo en pie = up and about.
    * de pies a cabeza = from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * de pies ligeros = swift-footed.
    * de pies planos = flat-footed.
    * desde la cabeza hasta los pies = head to toe, from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * distancia a pie = walking distance.
    * el ciudadano de a pie = the average Joe.
    * el mundo está a sus pies = the world is + Posesivo + oyster.
    * empezar Algo con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.
    * empezar con buen pie = start + Nombre + on the right footing, hit + the ground running.
    * en pie = up and about.
    * en pie de guerra = on the warpath.
    * entrar con buen pie = start + Nombre + off on the right foot.
    * estar de pie = stand.
    * estar de pie por encima de = stand over.
    * freno de pie = foot brake [footbrake].
    * gente de a pie = ordinary people.
    * hombre de a pie, el = man-on-the-street, man in the street, the.
    * ir a pie = leg it.
    * la ciudadana de a pie = the average Jane.
    * la gente se puso de pie para aplaudir = standing ovation.
    * lámpara de pie = standing lamp, floor lamp.
    * levantarse con el pie izquierdo = wake up on + the wrong side of the bed, get up on + the wrong side of the bed.
    * mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * no creerse Algo al pie de la letra = take + Nombre + with a pinch of salt.
    * no encontrar ni el pie ni la cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.
    * nota a pie de página = footnote.
    * no tener ni pies ni cabeza = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of, be pointless.
    * no tenerse en pie = Negativo + hold + water.
    * parte anterior del pie = ball of + Posesivo + foot.
    * perchero de pie = coat-stand.
    * perder el pie = lose + Posesivo + footing.
    * pie de atleta = athlete's foot.
    * pie de imprenta = edition imprint, imprint statement, imprint.
    * pie de obra = building site.
    * pie de página = footer.
    * pie de página repetido = running foot, footline.
    * pie de pie = standing.
    * Pie Grande = Bigfoot, Sasquatch.
    * pies planos = flat feet, pes planus, fallen arches.
    * pies sobre la tierra = feet on the ground.
    * planta del pie = sole.
    * poner de pie = stand + upright.
    * poner los pies en alto = put + Posesivo + feet up.
    * poner los pies en + Posesivo + casa = darken + Posesivo + door.
    * poner los pies sobre la tierra = come down + to earth.
    * poner pie en = set + foot (inside/in/on).
    * ponerse de pie = rise, stand up, get to + Posesivo + feet, rise to + Posesivo + feet.
    * ponerse en pie de guerra = dig up + the tomahawk, dig up + the hatchet, dig up + the war axe.
    * retrete de pie = squat toilet, squatty potty, squat loo.
    * sacar los pies del plato = break out of + the box.
    * sacar los pies del tiesto = break out of + the box.
    * salir por pies = take off + running, leg it, take to + Posesivo + heels, run off.
    * seguir Algo al pie de la letra = follow + Nombre + to the letter.
    * seguir al pie de la letra = keep + strictly to the letter.
    * seguir al pie del cañón = soldier on.
    * seguir en pie = hold + Posesivo + own, hold up.
    * sin pies ni cabeza = without rhyme or reason.
    * tener los pies firmemente en el suelo = feet + be + firmly planted on the ground.
    * tiña del pie = tinea pedis.
    * uña del pie = toenail.
    * visita a pie = walking tour.

    pie2
    2 = foot [feet, -pl.].

    Ex: Soon, however, the collection outgrew its meagre quarters and a full-fledged library occupying a 40x60 foot area came into being.

    * de un pie de grosor = foot-thick.
    * pie cuadrado = square foot (sq. ft.).
    * pie lineal = linear foot.

    pie3
    3 = winter.
    Nota: En la prensa antigua de madera, travesaño que unía los postes de madera verticales que servían de soporte a toda la prensa por la parte de abajo y que servía de soporte al ensamblaje de transporte carriage assembly.

    Ex: The chief members of the impression carriage were two upright cheeks about 2 m. high and placed 60-65 cm. apart, carrying between them the winter and, above it, the head, two massive cross timbers mortised into the cheeks which contained the vertical thrust of the impression.

    * * *
    pie1
    A
    no arrastres los pies don't drag your feet
    tiene (los) pies planos she has flat feet
    se echó a sus pies ( liter); he threw himself at her feet ( frml)
    a sus pies, señora ( frml); at your service, madam ( frml)
    2 ( en locs):
    a pie on foot
    queda muy cerca, podemos ir a pie it's very near, we can walk o go on foot
    ¿vamos a pie o en coche? shall we walk or take the car?
    esta semana ando a pie ( AmL); I'm walking everywhere this week
    una nota a pie de página a note at the foot of the page
    viviendas a pie de playa ( Esp); houses with access to the beach
    oficina a pie de calle ( Esp); office with direct access to the street
    una entrevista a piecalle ( Esp); an interview in the street
    experimentos a pie de aula ( Esp); experiments in the classroom
    al pie ( Col); very close, just round the corner
    de pie standing
    estuvimos de pie casi dos horas we were standing (up) o we were on our feet for almost two hours
    tuvimos que viajar de pie todo el camino we had to stand all the way
    ponte de pie stand up
    en pie: estoy en pie desde las siete de la mañana I've been up since seven o'clock this morning
    ya no podía tenerme en pie I could hardly walk/stand, I was ready to drop
    sólo la pequeña iglesia quedó en pie only the little church remained standing
    queda en pie la cita para mañana our date for tomorrow is still on
    mi oferta/la promesa sigue en pie my offer/the promise still stands
    ganado en pie ( AmL); livestock, cattle on the hoof
    a pie pelado ( Chi); barefoot, in one's bare feet
    a pie(s) juntillas: está siguiendo a pies juntillas las indicaciones de sus superiores he's following his bosses' instructions to the letter
    se cree a pies juntillas todo lo que le dicen he blindly believes every word he's told
    buscarle tres or cinco pies al gato ( fam) (buscar complicaciones) to complicate matters, make life difficult; (exponerse al peligro) to ask for trouble ( colloq)
    cojear del mismo pie ( fam); to be two of a kind ( colloq), to be tarred with the same brush ( colloq)
    con buen pieor con el pie derecho: a ver si mañana nos levantamos con el pie derecho I hope things will get off to a better start tomorrow
    con los pies ( fam); badly
    esta camisa la debes haber planchado con los pies this shirt looks as if you ironed it with your eyes closed
    una solicitud escrita con los pies a very poorly written letter of application
    el gerente lleva la empresa con los pies the manager is making a hash o mess of running the company ( colloq)
    de esta casa me sacarán con los pies por delante they'll have to carry me out of this house feet first o in a box ( colloq euph)
    con los pies sobre la tierra with one's feet on the ground
    tiene los pies bien puestos sobre la tierra she has her feet firmly on the ground
    empezó con mal pie she got off to a bad start, she started badly
    hoy me levanté or empecé el día con el pie izquierdo I got up on the wrong side of the bed today ( AmE), I got out of bed on the wrong side today ( BrE)
    con pie(s) de plomo ( fam); very carefully o warily
    ándate con pies de plomo tread very warily o carefully
    dar pie a algo to give rise to sth
    su conducta dio pie a murmuraciones her behavior gave rise to o sparked off rumors
    no quiero que esto dé pie a una discusión I don't want this to cause o to be the cause of an argument
    darle pie a algn: no le des pie para que te siga criticando don't give him cause o reason o grounds to criticize you again
    de a pie common, ordinary
    el ciudadano de a pie the man in the street, the average man/person
    a mí me gusta hablar con la gente de a pie I like talking to ordinary people
    de la cabeza a los pies or de pies a cabeza from head to foot o toe, from top to toe ( colloq)
    echar pie atrás ( Chi); to back down
    en pie de guerra on a war footing, ready for war, on full alert
    en (un) pie de igualdad on an equal footing, on equal terms
    estar a pie ( Chi fam); to be lost ( colloq)
    estar atado de pies y manos to be bound hand and foot, have one's hands tied
    estar con un pie en el estribo ( fam); to be about to leave
    me pillas con un pie en el estribo I was just on my way out o about to leave
    ya están con un pie en el estribo they're all set to go
    estar con un pie en la tumba or sepultura to have one foot in the grave
    hacer pie to be able to touch the bottom
    yo aquí no hago pie I can't touch the bottom here, I'm out of my depth here
    írsele los pies a algn: cuando empezó la música se me iban los pies once the music began I couldn't keep my feet still
    leche al pie de la vaca ( AmL); milk fresh from the cow
    nacer de pie to be born under a lucky star
    no doy/da pie con bola ( fam); I/he can't get a thing right
    no estirar los pies más de lo que da la frazada ( RPl fam); to cut one's coat according to one's cloth
    no tener ni pies ni cabeza to make no sense whatsoever
    el ensayo no tenía ni pies ni cabeza the essay made no sense whatsoever o was totally unintelligible
    un plan sin pies ni cabeza a crazy o an absurd plan
    pararle a algn los pies ( Esp); to take sb down a peg or two, put sb in his/her place ( colloq)
    perder pie (en el agua) to get out of one's depth; (resbalarse) to lose one's footing; (confundirse) to slip up
    pies de barro feet of clay
    un héroe con pies de barro a hero with feet of clay
    poner (los) pies en polvorosa ( fam); to take to one's heels, make oneself scarce, hotfoot it ( colloq)
    poner los pies en un lugar to set foot in a place
    hoy no he puesto pie en la calle I haven't set foot outside the house today
    por mi/tu/su (propio) pie unaided, without any help
    saber de qué pie cojea algn ( Esp fam); to know sb's faults o weak points
    salir por pies ( Esp fam); to take to one's heels, make oneself scarce, hotfoot it ( colloq)
    ser más viejo que andar a pie (CS fam); to be as old as the hills ( colloq)
    Compuestos:
    high instep
    athlete's foot
    ( Chi) dogtooth
    clubfoot
    B
    1 (de un calcetín, una media) foot
    2 (de una lámpara, columna) base; (de una copa — base) base; (— parte vertical) stem
    4 (de una página, un escrito) foot, bottom
    una nota a or al pie de página a footnote
    remita el cupón que se acompaña al pie send off the coupon below
    un pueblo al pieor a los pies de la montaña a village at the foot of the mountain
    sigue mis instrucciones al pie de la letra follow my instructions to the letter o exactly
    repetí al pie de la letra lo que me dijiste I repeated word for word o exactly what you told me
    todos se habían ido, pero nosotros seguíamos al pie del cañón everyone had left, but we were still hard at it o still working away
    pies mpl foot
    Compuestos:
    little end
    name and title of signatory
    caption
    ( Col) (personal) manpower; ( Mil) standing army
    imprint
    footer
    slide gauge
    C ( Bot) cutting, slip
    Compuesto:
    rootstock
    ocho pies cuadrados eight square feet
    E ( Lit) foot
    Compuesto:
    F ( Chi) (depósito) down payment
    pie2
    /pai/
    ( AmL)
    pie
    * * *

     

    Del verbo piar: ( conjugate piar)

    pié es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    píe es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    piar    
    pie
    piar ( conjugate piar) verbo intransitivo
    to chirp, tweet
    pie 1 sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Anat) foot;


    tiene (los) pies planos she has flat feet;
    pie de atleta athlete's foot
    b) ( en locs)


    ir a pie to go on foot, walk;
    hoy ando a pie (AmL) I'm without wheels today;
    de pie standing;
    ponte de pie stand up;
    en pie: estoy en pie desde las siete I've been up since seven o'clock;
    no puedo tenerme en pie I can hardly walk/stand;
    solo la iglesia quedó en pie only the church remained standing;
    mi oferta sigue en pie my offer still stands;
    a pie pelado (Chi) barefoot, in one's bare feet;
    de a pie common, ordinary;
    de la cabeza a los pies or de pies a cabeza from head to foot o toe, from top to toe (colloq);
    en pie de guerra on a war footing;
    en (un) pie de igualdad on an equal footing;
    hacer pie to be able to touch the bottom;
    levantarse con el pie derecho to get off to a good start;
    no tener ni pies ni cabeza to make no sense whatsoever;
    por mi/tu/su (propio) pie unaided, without any help
    2
    a) (de calcetín, media) foot

    b) (de lámpara, columna) base;

    ( de copa — base) base;
    (— parte vertical) stem;
    ( de montaña) foot
    c) (de página, escrito) foot, bottom;

    una nota a or al pie de página a footnote;

    al pie de la letra ‹copiar/repetir› word by word, exactly
    d) ( de cama) tb


    3
    a) ( medida) foot

    b) (Lit) foot

    pie 2 /pai/ sustantivo masculino (AmL) pie
    piar vi (pájaro) to chirp, cheep, tweet
    pie sustantivo masculino
    1 (de una persona) foot
    ponerse de pie, to stand up
    pies planos, flat feet
    2 (de una columna, lámpara, etc) base
    3 (de una copa) stem
    4 (de una fotografía) caption
    5 (de un texto) foot
    una nota a pie de página, a footnote
    6 (medida) foot
    ♦ Locuciones: dar pie a, to give cause for
    a pies juntillas, blindly
    al pie de la letra, to the letter
    con buen/mal pie, on the right/wrong footing
    con pies de plomo, cautiously
    de pie, standing up
    de pies a cabeza, from head to foot
    ' pie' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - bola
    - caminar
    - cañón
    - ciudadana
    - ciudadano
    - cojear
    - compartir
    - dedo
    - dormirse
    - empanada
    - enredarse
    - excursionista
    - flojera
    - gráfica
    - gráfico
    - guerra
    - hormiguear
    - hormigueo
    - lámpara
    - letra
    - levantarse
    - migaja
    - nacer
    - parada
    - parado
    - pararse
    - pastel
    - patear
    - patín
    - perchero
    - planta
    - pulgar
    - punta
    - reloj
    - resistir
    - sostenerse
    - talón
    - tenerse
    - uña
    - vadear
    - ver
    - zancadilla
    - a
    - agachar
    - amoldar
    - bien
    - budín
    - buscar
    - calambre
    English:
    accused
    - athlete's foot
    - bare
    - base
    - bed
    - book
    - bottom
    - caption
    - circumscribe
    - clubfoot
    - custard pie
    - dead
    - easy
    - floor lamp
    - foot
    - foothold
    - footing
    - footnote
    - ft
    - grandfather
    - hike
    - hill
    - impression
    - imprint
    - instep
    - itch
    - letter
    - man
    - meat pie
    - mince pie
    - on
    - pace
    - pie
    - pie chart
    - press
    - print
    - promenade concert
    - rambler
    - remain
    - rise
    - roll out
    - salt
    - sole
    - stamp
    - stamp down
    - stand
    - stand up
    - standing
    - standing ovation
    - standing room
    * * *
    pie nm
    1. [de persona] foot;
    estos zapatos me hacen daño en los pies these shoes hurt my feet;
    a pie on foot;
    prefiero ir a pie I'd rather walk o go on foot;
    estar de o [m5] en pie to be standing;
    ponerse de o [m5] en pie to stand up;
    llevamos dos horas de pie we've been on our feet for two hours;
    llevo en pie desde las seis de la mañana I've been up and about since six in the morning;
    la oferta sigue en pie the offer still stands;
    echar pie a tierra [jinete] to dismount;
    [pasajero] to alight;
    se me fueron los pies [resbalé] I slipped, I lost my footing;
    se me iban los pies con la música my feet were tapping along to the music;
    perder/no hacer pie [en el agua] to go/to be out of one's depth;
    Formal
    a sus pies at your service;
    el ciudadano de a pie the man in the street;
    en pie de igualdad on an equal footing;
    en pie de guerra on a war footing;
    pies de barro: un héroe/líder con (los) pies de barro a hero/leader with feet of clay;
    Fam
    buscar (los) tres o [m5] cinco pies al gato to overcomplicate matters;
    de pies a cabeza from head to toe;
    con buen pie: empezar con buen pie to get off to a good start;
    terminar con buen pie to end on a good note;
    caer de pie [tener suerte] to land on one's feet;
    no dar pie con bola to get everything wrong;
    con el pie derecho: empezar con el pie derecho to get off to a good start;
    estar con un pie en el estribo to be about to leave;
    a pies juntillas unquestioningly;
    levantarse con el pie izquierdo to get out of bed on the wrong side;
    con mal pie: empezar con mal pie to get off to a bad start;
    terminar con mal pie to end on a sour note;
    nacer de pie to be born lucky;
    andar o [m5] ir con pies de plomo to tread carefully;
    pararle los pies a alguien to put sb in their place;
    Fam
    poner pies en polvorosa: al llegar la policía, puso pies en polvorosa when the police arrived, you couldn't see him for dust o he legged it;
    poner los pies en o [m5] sobre la tierra to get a grip on reality;
    Esp
    saber de qué pie cojea alguien to know sb's weaknesses;
    Fam
    salir con los pies por delante to leave feet first o in a box;
    Esp Fam
    salir por pies to leg it;
    no tener ni pies ni cabeza to make no sense at all;
    tener un pie en la tumba to have one foot in the grave
    no tenerse en pie: no me tengo en pie I can't stand up a minute longer;
    esa teoría no se tiene en pie that theory doesn't stand up
    pie de atleta athlete's foot;
    pie de cabra crowbar, Br jemmy, US jimmy;
    pies de cerdo (pig's) trotters;
    pies planos flat feet
    2. [base] [de lámpara, micrófono] stand;
    [de copa] stem; [de montaña, árbol, escalera] foot;
    al pie de la página at the foot o bottom of the page;
    al pie de o [m5]a los pies de la cama/de la montaña at the foot of the bed/mountain;
    al pie de la letra to the letter, word for word;
    sigue las instrucciones al pie de la letra follow the instructions to the letter;
    copiar algo al pie de la letra to copy sth word for word;
    no hace falta que lo interpretes al pie de la letra there's no need to interpret it literally;
    al pie del cañón: ahí está, siempre al pie del cañón there he is, always hard at work
    pie de foto caption;
    pie de imprenta imprint;
    Informát pie de página footer
    3. [unidad de medida] foot;
    mide tres pies de ancho it's three foot o feet wide
    4. Teatro cue;
    Fig
    dar pie a [críticas, comentarios] to give rise to;
    [sospechas] to give cause for; Fig
    dar pie a alguien para que haga algo to give sb cause to do sth
    5. Lit [de verso] foot
    pie quebrado = short line of four or five syllables alternating with longer lines
    6. pie de lobo [planta] clubmoss
    7. pies de gato [botas] rock boots
    8. Chile [anticipo] down payment
    * * *
    m
    1 de estatua, lámpara base
    2 de persona foot;
    a pie on foot;
    al pie de at the foot of;
    de pie standing;
    estar de pie be standing (up);
    en pie stand up;
    de pie fig: por cansancio be ready to drop;
    de pies a cabeza from head to foot;
    no tiene ni pies ni cabeza it doesn’t make any sense at all, I can’t make head nor tail of it;
    levantarse con el pie izquierdo get out of bed on the wrong side;
    con buen/mal pie empezar get off to a good/bad start;
    con los pies fig badly;
    estar en pie be up, be out of bed;
    estar en pie de guerra be on a war footing;
    cinco pies al gato fig make things difficult, complicate things;
    a give rise to, generate;
    echar pie a tierra go ashore;
    estar al pie del cañón fig be hard at work;
    hacer pie touch bottom;
    no hacer pie en piscina be out of one’s depth;
    do everything wrong;
    parar los pies a alguien take s.o. down a peg or two fam ;
    saber de qué pie cojea alguien fig know where s.o. is coming from;
    poner pies en polvorosa fam take to one’s heels fam ;
    salir por pies hotfoot it fam, make o.s. scarce;
    pie de la cama foot of the bed;
    pies planos flat feet
    * * *
    pie nm
    1) : foot
    a pie: on foot
    de pie: on one's feet, standing
    2) : base, bottom, stem, foot
    pie de la cama: foot of the bed
    pie de una lámpera: base of a lamp
    pie de la escalera: bottom of the stairs
    pie de una copa: stem of a glass
    3) : foot (in measurement)
    pie cuadrado: square foot
    4) : cue (in theater)
    5)
    dar pie a : to give cause for, to give rise to
    6)
    en pie de igualidad : on equal footing
    * * *
    pie n
    1. (de persona) foot [pl. feet]
    2. (de estatua, lámpara, etc) base
    ponerse de pie to stand up [pt. & pp. stood]

    Spanish-English dictionary > pie

  • 11 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

  • 12 Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius

    SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. c. 1590 St Maartensdijk, Zeeland, the Netherlands
    d. 4 February 1656 probably London, England
    [br]
    Dutch/British civil engineer responsible for many of the drainage and flood-protection schemes in low-lying areas of England in the seventeenth century.
    [br]
    At the beginning of the seventeenth century, several wealthy men in England joined forces as "adventurers" to put their money into land ventures. One such group was responsible for the draining of the Fens. The first need was to find engineers who were versed in the processes of land drainage, particularly when that land was at, or below, sea level. It was natural, therefore, to turn to the Netherlands to find these skilled men. Joachim Liens was one of the first of the Dutch engineers to go to England, and he started work on the Great Level; however, no real progress was made until 1621, when Cornelius Vermuyden was brought to England to assist in the work.
    Vermuyden had grown up in a district where he could see for himself the techniques of embanking and reclaiming land from the sea. He acquired a reputation of expertise in this field, and by 1621 his fame had spread to England. In that year the Thames had flooded and breached its banks near Havering and Dagenham in Essex. Vermuyden was commissioned to repair the breach and drain neighbouring marshland, with what he claimed as complete success. The Commissioners of Sewers for Essex disputed this claim and whthheld his fee, but King Charles I granted him a portion of the reclaimed land as compensation.
    In 1626 Vermuyden carried out his first scheme for drainage works as a consultant. This was the drainage of Hatfield Chase in South Yorkshire. Charles I was, in fact, Vermuyden's employer in the drainage of the Chase, and the work was undertaken as a means of raising additional rents for the Royal Exchequer. Vermuyden was himself an "adventurer" in the undertaking, putting capital into the venture and receiving the title to a considerable proportion of the drained lands. One of the important elements of his drainage designs was the principal of "washes", which were flat areas between the protective dykes and the rivers to carry flood waters, to prevent them spreading on to nearby land. Vermuyden faced bitter opposition from those whose livelihoods depended on the marshlands and who resorted to sabotage of the embankments and violence against his imported Dutch workmen to defend their rights. The work could not be completed until arbiters had ruled out on the respective rights of the parties involved. Disagreements and criticism of his engineering practices continued and he gave up his interest in Hatfield Chase. The Hatfield Chase undertaking was not a great success, although the land is now rich farmland around the river Don in Doncaster. However, the involved financial and land-ownership arrangements were the key to the granting of a knighthood to Cornelius Vermuyden in January 1628, and in 1630 he purchased 4,000 acres of low-lying land on Sedgemoor in Somerset.
    In 1629 Vermuyden embarked on his most important work, that of draining the Great Level in the fenlands of East Anglia. Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, was given charge of the work, with Vermuyden as Engineer; in this venture they were speculators and partners and were recompensed by a grant of land. The area which contains the Cambridgeshire tributaries of the Great Ouse were subject to severe and usually annual flooding. The works to contain the rivers in their flood period were important. Whilst the rivers were contained with the enclosed flood plain, the land beyond became highly sought-after because of the quality of the soil. The fourteen "adventurers" who eventually came into partnership with the Earl of Bedford and Vermuyden were the financiers of the scheme and also received land in accordance with their input into the scheme. In 1637 the work was claimed to be complete, but this was disputed, with Vermuyden defending himself against criticism in a pamphlet entitled Discourse Touching the Great Fennes (1638; 1642, London). In fact, much remained to be done, and after an interruption due to the Civil War the scheme was finished in 1652. Whilst the process of the Great Level works had closely involved the King, Oliver Cromwell was equally concerned over the success of the scheme. By 1655 Cornelius Vermuyden had ceased to have anything to do with the Great Level. At that stage he was asked to account for large sums granted to him to expedite the work but was unable to do so; most of his assets were seized to cover the deficiency, and from then on he subsided into obscurity and poverty.
    While Cornelius Vermuyden, as a Dutchman, was well versed in the drainage needs of his own country, he developed his skills as a hydraulic engineer in England and drained acres of derelict flooded land.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1628.
    Further Reading
    L.E.Harris, 1953, Vermuyden and the Fens, London: Cleaver Hume Press. J.Korthals-Altes, 1977, Sir Cornelius Vermuyden: The Lifework of a Great Anglo-
    Dutchman in Land-Reclamation and Drainage, New York: Alto Press.
    KM / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius

  • 13 ἐπί

    ἐπί prep. w. gen., dat., or acc.; s. the lit. on ἀνά, beg. (Hom.+). The basic idea is ‘upon’ (opp. ὑπό) Kühner-G. I 495; s. also Rob 600–605. (In the foll. classifications case use is presented seriatim; in earlier editions of this lexicon all sections, except 13, 17, and 18 [of time], were included under the general rubric ‘Place’.)
    ① marker of location or surface, answering the question ‘where?’ on, upon, near
    ⓐ w. gen., marking a position on a surface ἐ. (τῆς) γῆς on (the) earth (cp. En 9:1; 98:1; ἐ. γῆς 25:6; PsSol 17:2) Mt 6:10, 19; 9:6; 23:9; Mk 6:47 al. (Ar. 12, 1; Just., A I, 54, 7 al.). ἐ. τῆς θαλάσσης on the sea (cp. Job 9:8; Dio Chrys. 10 [11], 129 βαδίζειν ἐ. τῆς θαλ.; Lucian, Philops. 13 βαδίζειν ἐφʼ ὕδατος, VH 2, 4; Artem. 3, 16 ἐ. τ. θαλάσσης περιπατεῖν; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 15 p. 5, 26ff relying on the testimony of Hesiod: Orion was given a gift [δωρεά] by the gods καὶ ἐ. κυμάτων πορεύεσθαι καὶ ἐ. τῆς γῆς) Mt 14:26; Mk 6:48f; J 6:19 (w. acc. P75; s. 4bβ below). ἐ. τῶν νεφελῶν on the clouds Mt 24:30; 26:64 (Da 7:13; cp. Philo, Praem. 8). ἐ. κλίνης 9:2; Lk 17:34. ἐ. τοῦ δώματος on the roof vs. 31; Mt 24:17; 10:27 foll. by pl. W. verbs: κάθημαι ἐ. τινος sit on someth. (Job 2:8; ἐ. τοῦ ἅρματος GrBar 6:2; cp. JosAs 27:1 ἐ. τοῦ ὀχήματος καθεζόμενος; Just., D. 90, 5 ἐ. λίθου καθεζόμενος) Mt 24:3; 27:19; Ac 8:28; Rv 6:16; 9:17 (the same prep. used in Rv w. κάθημαι and dat. s. bα below, and w. acc. cα). ἑστηκέναι ἐ. τινος stand on someth. Ac 21:40; Rv 10:5, 8 (Just., D. 86, 2 ἐστηρίχθαι). With parts of the body: ἐ. χειρῶν αἴρειν carry on (i.e. in/with) their hands Mt 4:6; Lk 4:11 (both Ps 90:12). ἐ. κεφαλῆς on the head (Hdt. 5, 12, 4) J 20:7; 1 Cor 11:10; Rv 12:1. ἐ. τοῦ μετώπου Rv 7:3; 9:4. ἐ. γυμνοῦ on the naked body Mk 14:51. Cp. use of ἐπί w. καθίζω and gen., and ἐπί w. κάθημαι and acc. Mt 19:28.—In a gener. and fig. sense Ac 21:23.
    ⓑ w. dat., gener. suggesting contiguity on, in, above.
    α. answering the question ‘where?’ (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Just., D. 105, 5 ἐ. τῷ σταυρῷ; Tat., 9:1 ἐ. τοῖς ὄρεσι; Ath. 20, 1 ἐ. τῷ μετώπῳ; Mel., P. 19, 131 ἐ. σάκκῳ καὶ σποδῷ) ἐ. πίνακι on a platter Mt 14:8, 11; Mk 6:25, 28. ἀνακλῖναι ἐ. τῷ χλωρῷ χόρτῳ on the green grass 6:39. ἐ. τοῖς κραβάττοις vs. 55. ἐπέκειτο ἐπʼ αὐτῷ lay on it (or before it) J 11:38. καθήμενος ἐ. τῷ θρόνῳ Rv 4:9 (cp. gen. w. καθ. 1a above, and acc. cα below) 5:13; 7:10 and oft. ἐφʼ ἵπποις λευκοῖς on white horses 19:14. ἐ. σανίσιν on planks Ac 27:44. ἐ. τῇ στοᾷ in the colonnade 3:11. τὰ ἐ. τοῖς οὐρανοῖς what is above (or in) the heavens Eph 1:10. ἐπʼ αὐτῷ above him, at his head Lk 23:38 (=Mt 27:37 ἐπάνω τ. κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ).
    β. answering the question ‘whither?’ on, upon (Hom. et al.) w. verbs that indicate a direction: οἰκοδομεῖν ἐ. τινι build upon someth. Mt 16:18. ἐποικοδομεῖν Eph 2:20. ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπίβλημα ἐ. ἱματίῳ παλαιῷ put a patch on an old garment Mt 9:16. ἐπιπίπτειν ἐ. τινι Ac 8:16. ἐκάθισεν ἐ. τῷ θρόνῳ he sat down on the throne GJs 11:1. λίθον ἐπʼ αὐτῇ βαλέτω J 8:7 v.l. (cp. 12a below).
    ⓒ w. acc., answering the question ‘where?’ (Hom. et al.; LXX; JosAs 29:2 φορῶν ἐ. τὸν μηρὸν αὐτοῦ ῥομφαίαν; Just., D. 53, 1 ζυγὸν ἐ. αὐχένα μὴ ἔχων)
    α. on, over someth. καθεύδειν ἐ. τι sleep on someth. Mk 4:38. καθῆσθαι ἐ. τι sit on someth. Mt 19:28 (in the same vs. καθίζω w. gen., s. a above) J 12:15; Rv 4:4; 6:2; 11:16 al.; cp. Lk 21:35b; κεῖσθαι ἐ. τι lie upon someth. 2 Cor 3:15. κατακεῖσθαι Lk 5:25. ἑστηκέναι ἐ. τὸν αἰγιαλόν stand on the shore Mt 13:2; cp. Rv 14:1. ἑστῶτας ἐ. τὴν θάλασσαν standing beside the sea 15:2. ἔστη ἐ. τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ παιδίου (the star) remained stationary over the head of the child GJs 21:3. σκηνοῦν ἐ. τινα spread a tent over someone Rv 7:15. ἐ. τὴν δεξιάν at the right hand 5:1. λίθος ἐ. λίθον stone upon stone Mt 24:2.
    β. ἐ. τὸ αὐτό at the same place, together (Ps.-X., Respublica Athen. [The Old Oligarch] 2, 2; Pla., Rep. 329a; SIG 736, 66 [92 B.C.]. In pap=‘in all’: PTebt 14, 20 [114 B.C.]; PFay 102, 6.—2 Km 2:13; En 100:2) εἶναι ἐ. τὸ αὐτό be together Lk 17:35; Ac 1:15; 2:1, 44. In 1 Cor 7:5 it is a euphemistic expr. for sexual union. κατοικεῖν ἐ. τὸ αὐτό live in the same place (Dt 25:5) Hm 5, 1, 4. Also w. verbs of motion (Sus 14 Theod.) συνέρχεσθαι ἐ. τὸ αὐτό come together to the same place 1 Cor 11:20; 14:23; cp. B 4:10 (Just., A I, 67, 3 συνέλευσις γίνεται). συνάγεσθαι (Phlegon of Tralles [Hadr.]: 257 Fgm. 36 III 9 Jac.; PsSol 2:2; TestJob 28:5 Jos., Bell. 2, 346) Mt 22:34; Ac 4:26 (Ps 2:2); 1 Cl 34:7. ἐ. τὸ αὐτὸ μίγνυσθαι be mixed together Hm 10, 3, 3. προσετίθει ἐ. τὸ αὐτό added to their number Ac 2:47.
    γ. at, by, near someone or someth. καθῆσθαι ἐ. τὸ τελώνιον sit at the tax-office Mt 9:9 (ἐ. τὰς ὡραίας πύλας GrBar prol. 2); Mk 2:14. ἑστηκέναι ἐ. τὴν θύραν stand at the door Rv 3:20. σὺ ἔστης ἐ. τὸ θυσιαστήριον you are standing (ἕστηκας deStrycker) as priest at the altar GJs 8:2. ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς among you 2 Th 1:10; cp. Ac 1:21.—Of pers., over whom someth. is done ὀνομάζειν τὸ ὄνομα Ἰησοῦ ἐ. τινα speak the name of Jesus over someone Ac 19:13. ἐπικαλεῖν τὸ ὄνομά τινος ἐ. τινα=to claim someone for one’s own (Jer 14:9; 2 Ch 7:14; 2 Macc 8:15) Ac 15:17 (Am 9:12); Js 2:7; Hs 8, 6, 4. προσεύχεσθαι ἐ. τινα pray over someone Js 5:14.
    ② marker of presence or occurrence near an object or area, at, near
    ⓐ w. gen., of immediate proximity to things at, near (Hdt. 7, 115; X., An. 4, 3, 28 al.; LXX, Just.) ἐ. τ. θυρῶν at the gates (Plut., C. Gracch. 841 [14, 3]; PRyl 127, 8f [29 A.D.] κοιμωμένου μου ἐ. τῆς θύρας; 1 Macc 1:55; Just., D. 111, 4) Ac 5:23 (s. b below for dat. in 5:9). ἐ. τῆς θαλάσσης near the sea (Polyb. 1, 44, 4; Ex 14:2; Dt 1:40; 1 Macc 14:34) J 21:1. ἐ. τῆς ὁδοῦ by the road Mt 21:19. ἐσθίειν ἐ. τῆς πραπέζης τινός eat at someone’s table Lk 22:30 (cp. POxy 99, 14 [55 A.D.] τράπεζα, ἐφʼ ἧς Σαραπίων καὶ μέτοχοι; Da 11:27 LXX ἐ. μιᾶς τραπέζης). ἐ. τοῦ (τῆς) βάτου at the thornbush = in the passage about the thornbush (i.e. Ex 3:1ff) Mk 12:26; Lk 20:37.
    ⓑ with dat., of immediate proximity at, near by (Hom.+) ἦν ἔτι ἐ. τῷ τόπῳ ὅπου was still at the place, where J 11:30 v.l. (for ἐν; cp. Just., D. 402). ἐ. τῇ θύρᾳ (ἐ. θύραις) at the door (Hom. et al.; Wsd 19:17; Jos., Ant. 17, 90; Just., D. 32, 3) Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29; Ac 5:9 (s. a above). ἐ. τοῖς πυλῶσιν Rv 21:12. ἐ. τῇ πηγῇ J 4:6 (Jos., Ant. 5, 58 ἐ. τινι πηγῇ; Just., A I, 64, 1 ἐ. ταῖς … πηγαῖς). ἐ. τῇ προβατικῇ (sc. πύλῃ) near the sheepgate 5:2; cp. Ac 3:10. ἐ. τῷ ποταμῷ near the river (since Il. 7, 133; Jos., Ant. 4, 176 ἐ. τ. Ἰορδάνῳ) Rv 9:14.—Of pers. (Diod S 14, 113, 6; Just., A I, 40, 7) ἐφʼ ὑμῖν among you 2 Cor 7:7; cp. Ac 28:14 v.l.
    ③ marker of involvement in an official proceeding, before, w. gen., of pers., esp. in the language of lawsuits (Pla., Leg. 12, 943d; Isaeus 5, 1 al.; UPZ 71, 15; 16 [152 B.C.]; POxy 38, 11; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 382, 23=BGU 909, 23; Jos., Vi. 258; Just., A II, 1, 1 ἐ. Οὐρβίκου). ἐ. τοῦ ἡγεμόνος in the governor’s presence Mt 28:14. ἐ. ἡγεμόνων καὶ βασιλέων Mk 13:9. ἐ. σου before you (the procurator) Ac 23:30. ἐ. Τερτούλλου Phlm subscr. v.l.; στάντος μου ἐ. τοῦ συνεδρίου Ac 24:20 (cp. Diod S 11, 55, 4 ἐ. τοῦ κοινοῦ συνεδρίου τ. Ἑλλήνων). γυναικὸς … διαβληθείσης ἐ. τοῦ κυρίου Papias (2:17). κρίνεσθαι ἐ. τῶν ἀδίκων go to law before the unrighteous 1 Cor 6:1. κριθήσεται ἐφʼ ὑμῶν before your tribunal D 11:11. μαρτυρεῖν ἐ. Ποντίου Πιλάτου testify before Pontius Pilate 1 Ti 6:13 (s. μαρτυρέω 1c). ἐ. τοῦ βήματος (POxy 37 I, 3 [49 A.D.]) ἑστὼς ἐ. τοῦ βήματος Καίσαρός εἰμι I am standing before Caesar’s tribunal Ac 25:10 (Appian says Prooem. c. 15 §62 of himself: δίκαις ἐν Ῥώμῃ συναγορεύσας ἐ. τῶν βασιλέων=I acted as attorney in lawsuits in Rome before the emperors).—Gener. in someone’s presence (Appian, Syr. 61 §324 ἐφʼ ὑμῶν=in your presence) ἐ. Τίτου before Titus 2 Cor 7:14. Cp.10 below.
    ④ marker of movement to or contact w. a goal, toward, in direction of, on
    ⓐ w. gen., marking contact with the goal that is reached, answering the question ‘whither?’ toward, on, at w. verbs of motion (Appian, Iber. 98 §427 ἀπέπλευσεν ἐπʼ οἴκου=he sailed [toward] home; PGM 4, 2468f ἀναβὰς ἐ. δώματος; JosAs 27:1 ἀνέδραμε … ἐ. πέτρας; Jos., Ant. 4, 91 ἔφευγον ἐ. τ. πόλεων; Tat. 33:3 Εὐρώπην ἐ. τοῦ ταύρου καθιδρύσαντος) βάλλειν τὸν σπόρον ἐ. τῆς γῆς Mk 4:26; also σπείρειν vs. 31. πίπτειν (Wsd 18:23; TestAbr A 3 p. 80, 11 [Stone p. 8]; JosAs 9:1) 9:20; 14:35. καθιέναι Ac 10:11. τιθέναι (Sir 17:4) Lk 8:16; J 19:19; Ac 5:15. ἔρχεσθαι Hb 6:7; Rv 3:10; γίνεσθαι ἐ. reach, be at J 6:21. γενόμενος ἐ. τοῦ τόπου when he reached the place Lk 22:40. καθίζειν take one’s seat ἐ. θρόνου (JosAs 7:1 al.) Mt 19:28 (s. 1a end); 23:2; 25:31; J 19:13 (ἐ. βήματος of Pilate as Jos., Bell. 2, 172; of Jesus Just., A I, 35, 6). κρεμαννύναι ἐ. ξύλου hang on a tree (i.e. cross) (Gen 40:19; cp. Just., D. 86, 6 σταυρωθῆναι ἐ. τοῦ ξύλου) Ac 5:30; 10:39; cp. Gal 3:13 (Dt 21:23).
    ⓑ w. acc.
    α. specifying direction (En 24:2 ἐ. νότον ‘southward’ of position of the mountain) of motion that takes a particular direction, to, toward ἐκτείνας τ. χεῖρα ἐ. τοὺς μαθητάς Mt 12:49; cp. Lk 22:53 (JosAs 12:8). πορεύεσθαι ἐ. τὸ ἀπολωλός go after the one that is lost 15:4. ἐ. τὴν ῏Ασσον in the direction of Assos Ac 20:13. ἐπιστρέφειν ἐ. τι turn to someth. 2 Pt 2:22 (cp. Pr 26:11; En 99:5). ὡς ἐ. λῃστήν as if against a robber Mt 26:55; Mk 14:48; Lk 22:52.
    β. from one point to another across, over w. motion implied (Hom.+; LXX) περιπατεῖν, ἐλθεῖν ἐ. τ. θάλασσαν or ἐ. τ. ὕδατα Mt 14:25, 28f; J 6:19 P75. Of spreading across the land (PsSol 17:10): famine Ac 7:11; 11:28; darkness Mt 27:45; Lk 23:44. ἐ. σταδίους δώδεκα χιλιάδων across twelve thousand stades Rv 21:16 v.l. (Polyaenus 5, 44, 4 ἐ. στάδια δέκα); ἐ. πλεῖον further (1 Esdr 2:24; 2 Macc 10:27) Ac 4:17.
    γ. of goal attained (Hom. et al.; LXX) on, upon someone or someth. πέσατε ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς Lk 23:30 (Hos 10:8). ἔπεσεν ἐ. τὰ πετρώδη Mt 13:5; cp. Lk 13:4. ἔρχεσθαι ἐ. τινα come upon someone Mt 3:16; also καταβαίνειν fr. above J 1:33; cp. Rv 16:21. ἀναβαίνειν (Jos., Ant. 13, 138; Just., A II, 12, 7) Lk 5:19. ἐπιβαίνειν Mt 21:5 (Zech 9:9).—Ac 2:3; 9:4 al.; διασωθῆναι ἐ. τ. γῆν be brought safely to the land 27:44; cp. vs. 43; Lk 8:27. ἐ. τὸ πλοῖον to the ship Ac 20:13. ἀναπεσεῖν ἐ. τὴν γῆν lie down or sit down on the ground Mt 15:35. ἔρριψεν αὐτὸν χαμαὶ ἐ. τὸν σάκκον he threw himself down on the sackcloth GJs 13:1. τιθέναι τι ἐ. τι put someth. on someth. (JosAs 16:11) Mt 5:15; Lk 11:33; Mk 8:25 v.l.; likew. ἐπιτιθέναι (JosAs 29:5) Mt 23:4; Mk 8:25; Lk 15:5; J 9:6, 15; Ac 15:10. ἐπιβάλλειν τ. χεῖρας ἐ. τινα (Gen 22:12 al.) Mt 26:50; Lk 21:12; Ac 5:18. Mainly after verbs of placing, laying, putting, bringing, etc. on, to: ἀναβιβάζω, ἀναφέρω, βάλλω, γράφω, δίδωμι, ἐγγίζω, ἐπιβιβάζω, ἐπιγράφω, ἐποικοδομέω, ἐπιρ(ρ)ίπτω, θεμελιόω, ἵστημι, κατάγω, οἰκοδομέω, σωρεύω; s. these entries. Sim. βρέχειν ἐ. τινα cause rain to fall upon someone Mt 5:45 (cp. PsSol 17:18); also τ. ἥλιον ἀνατέλλειν ἐ. τινα cause the sun to rise so that its rays fall upon someone *ibid. τύπτειν τινὰ ἐ. τὴν σιαγόνα strike on the cheek Lk 6:29. πίπτειν ἐ. (τὸ) πρόσωπον (Jdth 14:6) on the face Mt 17:6; 26:39; Lk 5:12; 17:16; 1 Cor 14:25; Rv 7:11.—To, upon w. acc. of thing πορεύεσθαι ἐ. τὴν ὁδόν go to the road Ac 8:26; cp. 9:11. ἐ. τὰς διεξόδους Mt 22:9. ἵνα μὴ πνέῃ ἄνεμος ἐ. πᾶν δένδρον so that no wind should blow upon any tree Rv 7:1.
    δ. of closeness to someth. or someone to, up to, in the neighborhood of, on ἐ. τὸ μνημεῖον up to the tomb Mk 16:2; Lk 24:1 v.l., 22, 24; cp. ἐ. τὸ μνῆμα Mk 16:2 v.l.; Lk 24:1. ἔρχεσθαι ἐ. τι ὕδωρ come to some water Ac 8:36. ἐ. τὴν πύλην τὴν σιδηρᾶν to the iron gate 12:10. καταβαίνειν ἐ. τὴν θάλασσαν go down to the sea J 6:16. ἐ. τὸν Ἰορδάνην Mt 3:13 (Just., D. 88, 3 al.). ἀναπίπτειν ἐ. τὸ στῆθος he leaned back on (Jesus’) breast J 13:25; 21:20. πίπτειν ἐ. τοὺς πόδας fall at (someone’s) feet Ac 10:25 (JosAs 14:10 ἔπεσεν ἐ πρόσωπον ἐ. τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ). ἐ. τ. ἀκάνθας among the thorns Mt 13:7.—W. acc. of pers. to someone ἐ. τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐλθόντες they came to Jesus J 19:33; cp. Mt 27:27; Mk 5:21.
    ε. in imagery of goal or objective to, toward (Just., A II, 7, 6 ἐπʼ ἀμφότερα τρέπεσθαι) ἐπιστρέφειν, ἐπιστρέφεσθαι ἐ. τινα turn to (Dt 30:10; 31:20 al.; Ar. 2, 1 ἔλθωμεν καὶ ἐ. τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος ‘let us now turn to …’; Just., D. 56, 11 ἐ. τὰς γραφὰς ἐπανελθών) Lk 1:17; Ac 9:35; 11:21; 14:15; 26:20; Gal 4:9; 1 Pt 2:25.
    ⑤ marker of manner, corresponding to an adv., w. dat. (Aeschyl., Suppl. 628 ἐπʼ ἀληθείᾳ; UPZ 162 VI, 3 [117 B.C.] κακοτρόπως καὶ ἐ. ῥαδιουργίᾳ; POxy 237 VI, 21 ἐ. τῇ τῶν ἀνθρ. σωτηρίᾳ; ἐφʼ ὁράσει En 14:8; Just., A I, 9, 3 ἐφʼ ὕβρει; 55, 7 ἐ. τούτῳ τῷ σχήματι ‘in this form’; Tat. 17, 1 ἐπʼ ἀκριβείᾳ; Ath. 33, 2 ἐφʼ ἑνὶ γάμῳ) ὁ σπείρων ἐπʼ εὐλογίαις (in contrast to ὁ σπείρων φειδομένως one who sows sparingly) one who sows in blessing (i.e. generously) 2 Cor 9:6. ἐπʼ εὐλογίαις θερίζειν reap generously ibid.
    ⑥ marker of basis for a state of being, action, or result, on, w. dat. (Hom. et al.)
    ⓐ ἐπʼ ἄρτῳ ζῆν live on bread Mt 4:4; Lk 4:4 (both Dt 8:3. cp. Ps.-Pla., Alcib. 1, 105c; Plut., Mor. 526d; Alciphron 3, 7, 5; SibOr 4, 154). ἐ. τῷ ῥήματί σου depending on your word Lk 5:5. οὐ συνῆκαν ἐ. τοῖς ἄρτοις they did not arrive at an understanding (of it) (by reflecting) on (the miracle of) the loaves Mk 6:52 (cp. Demosth. 18, 121 τί σαυτὸν οὐκ ἐλλεβορίζεις ἐ. τούτοις [sc. λόγοις];=why do you not come to an understanding concerning these words?). ἐ. τῇ πίστει on the basis of faith Ac 3:16; Phil 3:9. ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι on the basis of hope, supporting itself on hope Ac 2:26 (? s. ἐλπίς 1bα); Ro 4:18; 8:20; 1 Cor 9:10; Tit 1:2.—Ac 26:6 ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι gives the basis of the trial at law, as does ἐ. εὐεργεσίᾳ 4:9. ἀπολύειν τ. γυναῖκα ἐ. πορνείᾳ Mt 19:9 (cp. Dio Chrys. 26 [43], 10 ἀπολύειν ἐπʼ ἀργυρίῳ; Ath. 2, 3 κρίνεσθαι … μὴ ἐ. τῷ ὀνόματι, ἐ. δὲ τῷ ἀδικήματι). γυναικὸς ἐ. πόλλαις ἁμαρτίαις διαβληθείσης Papias (2:17). On the basis of the testimony of two witnesses (cp. Appian, Iber. 79 §343 ἤλεγχον ἐ. μάρτυσι) Hb 10:28 (Dt 17:6); sim. use of ἐ. τινί on the basis of someth.: 8:6; 9:10, 15 (here it may also be taken in the temporal sense; s. 18 below), 17. ἁμαρτάνειν ἐ. τῷ ὁμοιώματι τ. παραβάσεως Ἀδάμ Ro 5:14 (ὁμοίωμα 1). δαπανᾶν ἐ. τινι pay the expenses for someone Ac 21:24. ἀρκεῖσθαι ἐ. τινι be content w. someth. 3J 10.
    ⓑ w. verbs of believing, hoping, trusting: πεποιθέναι (Wsd 3:9; Sus 35; 1 Macc 10:71; 2 Macc 7:40 and oft.) Lk 11:22; 18:9; 2 Cor 1:9; Hb 2:13 (2 Km 22:3). πιστεύειν Lk 24:25; Ro 9:33; 10:11; 1 Pt 2:6 (the last three Is 28:16). ἐλπίζειν (2 Macc 2:18; Sir 34:7) Ro 15:12 (Is 11:10); 1 Ti 4:10; 6:17; cp. 1J 3:3. παρρησιάζεσθαι Ac 14:3.
    ⓒ after verbs which express feelings, opinions, etc.: at, because of, from, with (Hom. et al.) διαταράσσεσθαι Lk 1:29. ἐκθαυμάζειν Mk 12:17. ἐκπλήσσεσθαι Mt 7:28; Mk 1:22; Lk 4:32; Ac 13:12. ἐξίστασθαι (Jdth 11:16; Wsd 5:2 al.) Lk 2:47. ἐπαισχύνεσθαι (Is 1:29) Ro 6:21. εὐφραίνεσθαι (Sir 16:1; 18:32; 1 Macc 11:44) Rv 18:20. θαμβεῖσθαι Mk 10:24; cp. Lk 5:9; Ac 3:10. θαυμάζειν (Lev 26:32; Jdth 10:7 al.; Jos., Ant. 10, 277) Mk 12:17 v.l. μακροθυμεῖν (Sir 18:11; 29:8; 35:19) Mt 18:26, 29; Lk 18:7; Js 5:7. μετανοεῖν (Plut., Ag. 803 [19, 5]; Ps.-Lucian, Salt. 84; Prayer of Manasseh [=Odes 12] 7; Just., A I, 61, 10; D. 95, 3 al.) 2 Cor 12:21. ὀδυνᾶσθαι (cp. Tob 6:15) Ac 20:38. ὀργίζεσθαι Rv 12:17. σπλαγχνίζεσθαι Mt 14:14; Lk 7:13. συλλυπεῖσθαι Mk 3:5. στυγνάζειν 10:22. χαίρειν (PEleph 13, 3; Jos., Ant. 1, 294; Tob 13:15; Bar 4:33; JosAs 4:2; Ar. 15, 7) Mt 18:13; Lk 1:14; 13:17; Ro 16:19 al. χαρὰν καὶ παράκλησιν ἔχειν Phlm 7. χαρὰ ἔσται Lk 15:7; cp. vs. 10 (Jos., Ant. 6, 116 ἡ ἐ. τῇ νίκῃ χαρά). Also w. verbs that denote aroused feelings παραζηλοῦν and παροργίζειν make jealous and angry at Ro 10:19 (Dt 32:21). παρακαλεῖν 1 Th 3:7a (cp. Just., D. 78:8 παράκλησιν ἐχουσῶν ἐ.), as well as those verbs that denote an expression of the emotions ἀγαλλιᾶσθαι (cp. Tob 13:15; Ps 69:5) Lk 1:47; Hs 8, 1, 18; 9, 24, 2. καυχᾶσθαι (Diod S 16, 70; Sir 30:2) Ro 5:2. κοπετὸν ποιεῖν (cp. 3 Macc 4:3) Ac 8:2. ὀλολύζειν Js 5:1. αἰνεῖν (cp. X., An. 3, 1, 45 al.) Lk 2:20. δοξάζειν (Polyb. 6, 53, 10; cp. Diod S 17, 21, 4 δόξα ἐ. ἀνδρείᾳ=fame because of bravery) Ac 4:21; 2 Cor 9:13. εὐχαριστεῖν give thanks for someth. (s. εὐχαριστέω 2; UPZ 59, 10 [168 B.C.] ἐ. τῷ ἐρρῶσθαί σε τ. θεοῖς εὐχαρίστουν) 1 Cor 1:4; cp. 2 Cor 9:15; 1 Th 3:9.—ἐφʼ ᾧ = ἐπὶ τούτῳ ὅτι for this reason that, because (Diod S 19, 98; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 112 §520; Ael. Aristid. 53 p. 640 D.; Synes., Ep. 73 p. 221c; Damasc., Vi. Isid. 154; Syntipas p. 12, 9; 127, 8; Thomas Mag. ἐφʼ ᾧ ἀντὶ τοῦ διότι; cp. W-S. §24, 5b and 12f. S. WKümmel, D. Bild des Menschen im NT ’48, 36–40) Ro 5:12 (SLyonnet, Biblica 36, ’55, 436–56 [denies a causal sense here]. On the probability of commercial idiom s. FDanker, FGingrich Festschr. ’72, 104f, also Ro 5:12, Sin under Law: NTS 14, ’68, 424–39; against him SPorter, TynBull 41, ’90, 3–30, also NTS 39, ’93, 321–33; difft. JFitzmyer, Anchor Bible Comm.: Romans, ad loc. ‘w. the result that all have sinned’); 2 Cor 5:4; Phil 3:12; for, indeed 4:10.
    ⑦ marker of addition to what is already in existence, to, in addition to. W. dat. (Hom. et al.; PEleph 5, 17 [284/283 B.C.] μηνὸς Τῦβι τρίτῃ ἐπʼ εἰκάδι; Tob 2:14; Sir 3:27; 5:5) προσέθηκεν τοῦτο ἐ. πᾶσιν he added this to everything else Lk 3:20 (cp. Lucian, Luct. [On Funerals], 24). ἐ. τ. παρακλήσει ἡμῶν in addition to our comfort 2 Cor 7:13. λύπη ἐ. λύπῃ grief upon grief Phil 2:27 v.l. (cp. Soph., Oed. C. 544, also Polyb. 1, 57, 1 πληγὴ ἐ. πληγῇ; Plut., Mor. 123f; Polyaenus 5, 52 ἐ. φόνῳ φόνον; Quint. Smyrn. 5, 602 ἐ. πένθει πένθος=sorrow upon sorrow; Sir 26:15). ἐ. τῇ σῇ εὐχαριστίᾳ to your prayer of thanks 1 Cor 14:16. So perh. also Hb 8:1. ἐ. πᾶσι τούτοις to all these Col 3:14; Lk 16:26 v.l. (X., Mem. 1, 2, 25 al.; Sir 37:15; cp. 1 Macc 10:42; Just., D. 133, 1 ἐ. τούτοις πᾶσι).—W. acc.: addition to someth. of the same kind Mt 6:27; Lk 12:25; Rv 22:18a. λύπην ἐ. λύπην sorrow upon sorrow Phil 2:27 (cp. Is 28:10, 13; Ezk 7:26; Ps 68:28).
    ⑧ marker of perspective, in consideration of, in regard to, on the basis of, concerning, about, w. gen. (Antig. Car. 164 ἐ. τῶν οἴνων ἀλλοιοῦσθαι; 4 Macc. 2:9 ἐ. τῶν ἑτέρων … ἔστιν ἐπιγνῶναι τοῦτο, ὅτι …; Ath. 29, 2 τὰ ἐ. τῆς μανίας πάθη) ἐ. δύο ἢ τριῶν μαρτύρων on the evidence of two or three witnesses 1 Ti 5:19 (cp. TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 22ff. [Stone p. 32]). Sim. in the expr. ἐ. στόματος δύο μαρτύρων (Dt 19:15) Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1. ἐπʼ αὐτῆς on the basis of it Hb 7:11. ἐπʼ ἀληθείας based on truth = in accordance w. truth, truly (Demosth. 18, 17 ἐπʼ ἀληθείας οὐδεμιᾶς εἰρημένα; POxy 255, 16 [48 A.D.]; Da 2:8; Tob 8:7; En 104:11) Mk 12:14, 32; Lk 4:25; 20:21; Ac 4:27. ἐφʼ ἑαυτοῦ based on himself = to or by himself (X., An. 2, 4, 10; Demosth. 18, 224 ἐκρίνετο ἐφʼ ἑαυτοῦ; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verb. 16 ἐ. σεαυτοῦ. Cp. Kühner-G. I 498e) 2 Cor 10:7.—To introduce the object which is to be discussed or acted upon λέγειν ἐ. τινος speak of, about someth. (Pla., Charm., 155d, Leg. 2, 662d; Isocr. 6, 41; Aelian, VH 1, 30; Jer 35:8; EpArist 162; 170; Ath. 5:1 ἐ. τοῦ νοητοῦ … δογματίζειν) Gal 3:16. Do someth. on, in the case of (cp. 1 Esdr 1:22) σημεῖα ποιεῖν ἐ. τῶν ἀσθενούντων work miracles on the sick J 6:2.—On B 13:6 s. τίθημι 1bζ.—In ref. to someth. (Aristot., Pol. 1280a, 17; 4 Macc 12:5 τῶν ἐ. τῆς βασιλείας … πραγμάτων; Just., A I, 5, 1 ἐφʼ ἡμῶν ‘in our case’, D. 131, 4; Ath. 15, 3 ἐ. τῆς ὕλης καὶ τοῦ θεοῦ ‘as respects God and matter, so …’) ἐ. τινων δεῖ ἐγκρατεύεσθαι in certain matters one must practice self-control Hm 8:1. οὔτε … οἴδασι τὸν ἐ. τοῦ πυροῦ σπόρον nor do they comprehend (the figurative sense of) the sowing of wheat AcPlCor 2:26 (cp. 1 Cor 15:36f).
    ⑨ marker of power, authority, control of or over someone or someth., over
    ⓐ w. gen. (Hdt. 5, 109 al.; Mitt-Wilck. I/1, 124, 1=BGU 1120, 1 [5 B.C.] πρωτάρχῳ ἐ. τοῦ κριτηρίου; 287, 1; LXX; AscIs 2:5 τοῦ ἐ. τῶν πραγματε[ι] ῶν=Denis p. 109) βασιλεύειν ἐ. τινος (Judg 9:8, 10; 1 Km 8:7) Rv 5:10. ἔχειν βασιλείαν ἐ. τῶν βασιλέων 17:18. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ἐ. τινος have power over someone 20:6. διδόναι ἐξουσίαν ἐ. τινος 2:26. καθιστάναι τινὰ ἐ. τινος set someone over, put someone in charge, of someth. or someone (Pla., Rep. 5, 460b; Demosth. 18, 118; Gen 39:4f; 1 Macc 6:14; 10:37; 2 Macc 12:20 al.; EpArist 281; τεταγμένος En 20:5) Mt 24:45; Lk 12:42; Ac 6:3. εἶναι ἐ. τινος (Synes., Ep. 79 p. 224d; Tob 1:22; Jdth 14:13; 1 Macc 10:69) ὸ̔ς ἦν ἐ. πάσης τῆς γάζης αὐτῆς who was in charge of all her treasure 8:27. Of God ὁ ὢν ἐ. πάντων (Apollonius of Tyana [I A.D.] in Eus., PE 4, 13) Ro 9:5; cp. Eph 4:6. ὁ ἐ. τινος w. ὤν to be supplied (Demosth. 18, 247 al.; Diod S 13, 47, 6; Plut., Pyrrh. 385 [5, 7], Aemil. Paul. 267 [23, 6]; PTebt 5, 88 [118 B.C.] ὁ ἐ. τ. προσόδων; 1 Macc 6:28; 2 Macc 3:7; 3 Macc 6:30 al.; EpArist 110; 174) ὁ ἐ. τοῦ κοιτῶνος the chamberlain Ac 12:20.
    ⓑ w dat. (X., Cyr. 1, 2, 5; 2, 4, 25 al., An. 4, 1, 13; Demosth. 19, 113; Aeschines 2, 73; Esth 8:12e; Just., A II, 5, 2 ἀγγέλοις οὓς ἐ. τούτοις ἔταξε; cp. Ath. 24, 3; Ath. 6, 4 τὸν ἐ. τῇ κινήσει τοῦ σώματος λόγον) Mt 24:47; Lk 12:44.
    ⓒ w. acc. (X., Hell. 3, 4, 20 al.; Dionys. Byz. §56 θεῷ ἐ. πάντα δύναμις; LXX; PsSol 17:3, 32) βασιλεύειν ἐ. τινα rule over someone (Gen 37:8; Judg 9:15 B al.) Lk 1:33; 19:14, 27; Ro 5:14. καθιστάναι τινὰ ἐ. τινα set someone over someone (X., Cyr. 4, 5, 58) κριτὴν ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς as judge over you Lk 12:14; ἡγούμενον ἐπʼ Αἴγυπτον Ac 7:10; cp. Hb 2:7 v.l. (Ps 8:7); 3:6; 10:21. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ἐ. τι Rv 16:9. ἐξουσίαν διδόναι ἐ. τι (Sir 33:20) Lk 9:1; 10:19; Rv 6:8; cp. 22:14. φυλάσσειν φυλακὰς ἐ. τι Lk 2:8 (cp. En 100:5). ὑπεραίρεσθαι ἐ. τινα exalt oneself above someone 2 Th 2:4 (cp. Da 11:36); but here the mng. against is also poss. (s. 12b below). πιστὸς ἐ. τι faithful over someth. Mt 25:21, 23.
    ⑩ marker of legal proceeding, before, w. acc. in the lang. of the law-courts ἐ. ἡγεμόνας καὶ βασιλεῖς ἄγεσθαι be brought before governors and kings Mt 10:18; cp. Lk 21:12 (cp. BGU 22, 36 [114 A.D.] ἀξιῶ ἀκθῆναι [=ἀχθῆναι] τ. ἐνκαλουμένους ἐ. σὲ πρὸς δέουσαν ἐπέξοδον; Just., A II, 2, 12 ἐ. Οὔρβικον). ὑπάγεις ἐπʼ ἄρχοντα you are going before the magistrate Lk 12:58; cp. Ac 16:19. ἤγαγον αὐτὸν ἐ. τὸν Πιλᾶτον Lk 23:1. ἐ. τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς Ac 9:21. ἐ. Καίσαρα πορεύεσθαι come before the emperor 25:12. ἐ. τὰς συναγωγάς Lk 12:11. ἐ. τὸ βῆμα Ac 18:12. Cp. 3 above. Here the focus is on transfer to the judiciary.
    ⑪ marker of purpose, goal, result, to, for, w. acc. (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 2, 3 Jac. ἐ. κατοικίαν) ἐ. τὸ βάπτισμα for baptism=to have themselves baptized Mt 3:7 (cp. Just., A I, 61, 10 ἐ. τὸ λουτρόν; D. 56, 1 ἐ. τὴν … κρίσιν πεμφθεῖσι). ἐ. τὴν θεωρίαν ταύτην for (i.e. to see) this sight Lk 23:48 (sim. Hom. et al.; POxy 294, 18 [22 A.D.]; LXX; Tat. 23, 2 ἐ. τὴν θέαν). ἐ. τὸ συμφέρον to (our) advantage Hb 12:10 (cp. Tat. 6, 1; 34, 2 οὐκ ἐ. τι χρήσιμον ‘to no purpose’). ἐ. σφαγήν Ac 8:32 (Is 53:7); cp. Mt 22:5; ἐ. τ. τελειότητα Hb 6:1. ἐ. τοῦτο for this (X., An. 2, 5, 22; Jos., Ant. 12, 23) Lk 4:43. ἐφʼ ὅ; for what (reason)? Mt 26:50 v.l. (s. ὅς 1bα and 1iβ). Cp. 16.
    ⑫ marker of hostile opposition, against
    ⓐ w. dat. (Hom. et al.; 2 Macc 13:19; Sir 28:23 v.l.; fig. Ath. 22, 7 τοὺς ἐπʼ αὐτοῖς λόγους ‘counter-evidence’) Lk 12:52f (s. use of acc. b below); Ac 11:19. Cp. J 8:7 v.l. (1bβ above).
    ⓑ w. acc. (Hdt. 1, 71; X., Hell. 3, 4, 20 al.; Jos., Ant. 13, 331; LXX; En; TestJud 3:1 al.; JosAs 19:2; Just., D. 103, 7; Tat. 36, 2) ὥρμησαν ἐ. αὐτόν Ac 7:57. ἔρχεσθαι Lk 14:31. ἐπαναστήσονται τέκνα ἐ. γονεῖς Mt 10:21; Mk 13:12; cp. ἔθνος ἐ. ἔθνος Mt 24:7; Mk 13:8. ἐφʼ ἑαυτόν divided against himself Mt 12:26; Mk 3:24f, 26; Lk 11:17f; cp. J 13:18 (s. Ps 40:10); Ac 4:27; 13:50 al.—Lk 12:53 (4 times; the first and third occurrences w. the acc. are prob. influenced by usage in Mic 7:6; the use of the dat. Lk 12:52f [s. a above] w. a verb expressing a circumstance is in accord with older Gk. [Il. et al.], which prefers the acc. with verbs of motion in ref. to hostility). Cp. 15.
    ⑬ marker of number or measure, w. acc. (Hdt. et. al.; LXX; GrBar 3:6) ἐ. τρίς (CIG 1122, 9; PHolm α18) three times Ac 10:16; 11:10. So also ἐ. πολύ more than once Hm 4, 1, 8. ἐ. πολύ (also written ἐπιπολύ) in a different sense to a great extent, carefully (Hdt., Thu. et al.; Lucian, D. Deor. 6, 2; 25, 2; 3 Macc 5:17; Jos., Ant. 17, 107) B 4:1. ἐ. πλεῖον to a greater extent, further (Hdt., Thu. et al.; Diod S 11, 60, 5 al.; prob. 2 Macc 12:36; TestGad 7:2; Ar. 4, 3; Ath. 7, 1 ἐ. το πλεῖστον) 2 Ti 3:9; 1 Cl 18:3 (Ps 50:4). ἐ. τὸ χεῖρον 2 Ti 3:13. ἐφʼ ὅσον to the degree that, in so far as (Diod S 1, 93, 2; Maximus Tyr. 11, 3c ἐφʼ ὅσον δύναται; Hierocles 14 p. 451) Mt 25:40, 45; B 4:11; 17:1; Ro 11:13.
    ⑭ marker indicating the one to whom, for whom, or about whom someth. is done, to, on, about
    ⓐ w. dat. πράσσειν τι ἐ. τινι do someth. to someone Ac 5:35 (thus Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 15 §51; cp. δρᾶν τι ἐ. τινι Hdt. 3, 14; Aelian, NA 11, 11); about γεγραμμένα ἐπʼ αὐτῷ J 12:16 (cp. Hdt. 1, 66). προφητεύειν ἐ. τινι Rv 10:11. μαρτυρεῖν bear witness about Hb 11:4; Rv 22:16. ἐ. σοὶ … φανερώσει κύριος τὸ λύτρον the Lord will reveal the salvation to you GJs 7:2.
    ⓑ w. acc.
    α. ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν γεγόνει τὸ σημεῖον the man on whom the miracle had been performed Ac 4:22 (cp. Just., D. 128, 1 κρίσεως γεγενημένης ἐ. Σόδομα). ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν λέγεται ταῦτα the one about whom this was said Hb 7:13 (cp. ἐ. πόρρω οὖσαν [γενεὰν] ἐγὼ λαλῶ En 1:2). γέγραπται ἐπʼ αὐτόν Mk 9:12f; cp. Ro 4:9; 1 Ti 1:18; βάλλειν κλῆρον ἐ. τι for someth. Mk 15:24; J 19:24 (Ps 21:19). ἀνέβη ὁ κλῆρος ἐ. Συμεών the lot came up in favor of Simeon GJs 24:4.
    β. of powers, conditions, etc., which come upon someone or under whose influence someone is: on, upon, to, over ἐγένετο ῥῆμα θεοῦ ἐ. Ἰωάννην the word of God came to John Lk 3:2 (cp. Jer 1:1). Of divine blessings (cp. En 1:8; ParJer 5:28) Mt 10:13; 12:28; Lk 10:6; 11:20; cp. 10:9; Ac 10:10. ἵνα ἐπισκηνώσῃ ἐπʼ ἐμὲ ἡ δύναμις τ. Χριστοῦ that the power of Christ may rest upon me 2 Cor 12:9. χάρις θεοῦ ἦν ἐπʼ αὐτό Lk 2:40. Various verbs are used in ref. to the Holy Spirit, either in pass. or act. role, in connection w. ἐ. τινα: ἐκχεῖν Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f); cp. 10:45; Tit 3:6. ἀποστέλλειν (ἐξαποστέλλειν v.l.) Lk 24:49. ἐπέρχεσθαι 1:35; Ac 1:8 (Just., D. 87, 3; cp. ἔρχεσθαι A I, 33, 6; D. 49, 7 ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἠλίου ἐ. τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐλθεῖν). ἐπιπίπτειν 10:44. καταβαίνειν Lk 3:22; J 1:33. τίθεσθαι Mt 12:18 (cp. Is 42:1). Also εἶναι Lk 2:25. μένειν J 1:32f. ἀναπαύεσθαι 1 Pt 4:14. Of unpleasant or startling experiences Lk 1:12, 65; 4:36; Ac 13:11; 19:17; Rv 11:11.—Lk 19:43; 21:35, cp. vs. 34; J 18:4; Eph 5:6; cp. Rv 3:3.—Ro 2:2, 9; 15:3 (Ps 68:10). Of the blood of the righteous, that comes over or upon the murderers Mt 23:35; 27:25; Ac 5:28. Of care, which one casts on someone else 1 Pt 5:7 (Ps 54:23).
    ⑮ marker of feelings directed toward someone, in, on, for, toward, w. acc., after words that express belief, trust, hope: πιστεύειν ἐ. τινα, w. acc. (Wsd 12:2; Just., D. 16:4 al.) Ac 9:42; 11:17; 16:31; 22:19; Ro 4:24. πίστις Hb 6:1. πεποιθέναι (Is 58:14) Mt 27:43; 2 Th 3:4; 2 Cor 2:3. ἐλπίζειν (1 Ch 5:20; 2 Ch 13:18 al.; PsSol 9:10; 17:3; Just., D. 16:4 al.) 1 Pt 1:13; 1 Ti 5:5. After words that characterize an emotion or its expression: for κόπτεσθαι (Zech 12:10) Rv 1:7; 18:9. κλαίειν Lk 23:28; Rv 18:9 (cp. JosAs 15:9 χαρήσεται ἐ. σέ). σπλαγχνίζεσθαι Mt 15:32; Mk 8:2; 9:22; Hm 4, 3, 5; Hs 9, 24, 2. χρηστός toward Lk 6:35. χρηστότης Ro 11:22; Eph 2:7; cp. Ro 9:23. Esp. also if the feelings or their expressions are of a hostile nature: toward, against (cp. λοιδορεῖν Just., D. 137, 2) ἀποτομία Ro 11:22. μαρτύριον Lk 9:5. μάρτυς ἐ. τ. ἐμὴν ψυχήν a witness against my soul (cp. Dssm., LO 258; 355 [LAE 304; 417]) 2 Cor 1:23. ἀσχημονεῖν 1 Cor 7:36. μοιχᾶσθαι Mk 10:11. τολμᾶν 2 Cor 10:2 (En 7:4). βρύχειν τ. ὀδόντας Ac 7:54. Cp. 12.
    ⑯ marker of object or purpose, with dat. in ref. to someth. (Hom., Thu. et al.; SIG 888, 5 ἐ. τῇ τῶν ἀνθρ. σωτηρίᾳ; PTebt 44, 6 [114 B.C.] ὄντος μου ἐ. θεραπείᾳ ἐν τῷ Ἰσιείω; LXX; TestJob 3:5 ὁ ἐ. τῇ σωτηρίᾳ τῆς ἐμῆς ψυχῆς ἐλθών; Jos., Ant. 5, 101; Just., A I, 29, 1 ἐ. παίδων ἀναστροφῇ; D. 91, 4 ἐ. σωτηρίᾳ τῶν πιστευόντων) καλείν τινα ἐ. τινι call someone for someth. Gal 5:13 (on ἐπʼ ἐλευθερίᾳ cp. Demosth. 23, 124; [59], 32); ἐ. ἀκαθαρσίᾳ for impurity, i.e. so that we should be impure 1 Th 4:7. κτισθέντες ἐ. ἔργοις ἀγαθοῖς for good deeds Eph 2:10. λογομαχεῖν ἐ. καταστροφῇ τῶν ἀκουόντων for the ruin of those who hear 2 Ti 2:14 (cp. Eur., Hipp. 511; X., Mem. 2, 3, 19 ἐ. βλάβη; Hdt. 1, 68 ἐ. κακῷ ἀνθρώπου; Polyb. 27, 7, 13 and PGM 4, 2440 ἐπʼ ἀγαθῷ=‘for good’). Cp. 11.
    ⑰ marker in idiom of authorization, w. dat.: the formula ἐ. τῷ ὀνοματί τινος, in the name of someone, used w. many verbs (Just., D. 39, 6 w. γίνεσθαι, otherw. ἐ. ὀνόματος, e.g. A I, 61, 13; w. διὰ τοῦ ὀ. and in oaths κατὰ τοῦ ὀ. A II, 6, 6, D. 30, 3; 85, 2.—Ath. 23, 1 ἐ. ὀνόματι εἰδώλων.—ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι LXX; JosAs 9:1), focuses on the authorizing function of the one named in the gen. (cp. WHeitmüller [‘Im Namen Jesu’ 1903, 13ff], ‘in connection with, or by the use of, i.e. naming, or calling out, or calling upon the name’ [88]): βαπτίζειν Ac 2:38. δέχεσθαί τινα Mt 18:5; Mk 9:37; Lk 9:48. διδάσκειν Ac 4:18; 5:28. δύναμιν ποιεῖν Mk 9:39. ἐκβάλλειν δαιμόνια Lk 9:49 v.l. ἔρχεσθαι Mt 24:5; Mk 13:6; Lk 21:8. κηρύσσειν 24:47. λαλεῖν Ac 4:17; 5:40. Semantically divergent from the preceding, but formulaically analogous, is καλεῖν τινα ἐ. τῷ ὀν. τινος name someone after someone (2 Esdr 17:63) Lk 1:59.—ὄνομα 1dγג.—M-M.
    ⑱ marker of temporal associations, in the time of, at, on, for
    ⓐ w. gen., time within which an event or condition takes place (Hom.+) in the time of, under (kings or other rulers): in the time of Elisha Lk 4:27 (cp. Just., D. 46, 6 ἐ. Ἠλίου). ἐ. τῆς μετοικεσίας at the time of the exile Mt 1:11. Under=during the rule or administration of (Hes., Op. 111; Hdt. 6, 98 al.; OGI 90, 15; PAmh 43, 2 [173 B.C.]; UPZ 162 V, 5 [117 B.C.]; 1 Esdr 2:12; 1 Macc 13:42; 2 Macc 15:22; Jos., Ant. 12, 156 ἐ. ἀρχιερέως Ὀ.) ἐ. Ἀβιαθὰρ ἀρχιερέως under, in the time of, Abiathar the high priest Mk 2:26. ἐ. ἀρχιερέως Ἅννα καὶ Καιάφα Lk 3:2. ἐ. Κλαυδίου Ac 11:28 (Just., A I, 26, 2). ἐ. τῶν πατέρων in the time of the fathers 1 Cl 23:3. ἐπʼ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν in the last days (Gen 49:1; Num 24:14; Mi 4:1; Jer 37:24; Da 10:14) 2 Pt 3:3; Hs 9, 12, 3; cp. Hb 1:2. ἐπʼ ἐσχάτου τοῦ χρόνου in the last time Jd 18. ἐπʼ ἐσχάτου τῶν χρόνων at the end of the times/ages 1 Pt 1:20. ἐ. τῶν προσευχῶν μου when I pray, in my prayers (cp. PTebt 58, 31 [111 B.C.] ἐ. τ. διαλόγου, ‘in the discussion’; 4 Macc 15:19 ἐ. τ. βασάνων ‘during the tortures’; Sir 37:29; 3 Macc 5:40; Demetr.: 722, Fgm. 1, 14 Jac. ἐ. τοῦ ἀρίστου; Synes., Ep. 121 p. 258c ἐ. τῶν κοινῶν ἱερῶν) Ro 1:10; Eph 1:16; 1 Th 1:2; Phlm 4.
    ⓑ w. dat., time at or during which (Hom. et al.; PTebt 5, 66 [118 B.C.]; PAmh 157; LXX; Just., A I, 13, 3 ἐ. χρόνοις Τίερίου) at, in, at the time of, during: ἐ. τοῖς νῦν χρόνοις in these present times 2 Cl 19:4. ἐ. τῇ πρώτῃ διαθήκῃ at the time of the first covenant Hb 9:15. ἐ. συντελείᾳ τ. αἰώνων at the close of the age 9:26 (Tat. 13, 1 ἐ. ς. τοῦ κόσμου; cp. Sir 22:10 and PLond III, 954, 18 p. 154 [260 A.D.] ἐ. τέλει τ. χρόνου; POxy 275, 20 [66 A.D.] ἐ. συνκλεισμῷ τ. χρόνου; En 27:3 ἐπʼ ἐσχάτοις αἰώσιν). ἐ. τῇ θυσίᾳ at the time of, together with, the sacrifice Phil 2:17. ἐ. πάσῃ τῇ μνείᾳ ὑμῶν at every remembrance of you Phil 1:3. ἐ. παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν during your wrath, i.e. while you are angry Eph 4:26. ἐ. πάσῃ τῇ ἀνάγκῃ in all (our) distress 1 Th 3:7b. ἐ. πάσῃ τῇ θλίψει 2 Cor 1:4. ἐ. τούτῳ in the meanwhile J 4:27 (Lucian, Dial. Deor. 17, 2, cp. Philops. 14 p. 41; Syntipas p. 76, 2 ἐφʼ ἡμέραις ἑπτα; 74, 6).
    ⓒ w. acc.
    α. answering the question ‘when?’ on: ἐ. τὴν αὔριον (Sb 6011, 14 [I B.C.]; PRyl 441 ἐ. τὴν ἐπαύριον) (on) the next day Lk 10:35; Ac 4:5. ἐ. τὴν ὥραν τ. προσευχῆς at the hour of prayer 3:1 (Polyaenus 8, 17 ἐ. ὥραν ὡρισμένην).
    β. answering the qu. ‘how long?’ for, over a period of (Hom. et al.; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 170, 8=BGU 1058, 9 [13 B.C.]; POxy 275, 9; 15 ἐ. τὸν ὅλον χρόνον; PTebt 381, 19 ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν χρόνον περίεστιν ἡ μήτηρ; LXX; En 106:15; TestJob 30:2 ἐ. ὥρας τρεῖς; TestJud 3:4; TestGad 5:11; Jos., Ant. 11, 2; Just., D. 142, 1 ἐ. ποσόν ‘for awhile’) ἐ. ἔτη τρία for three years (Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 2, 1 Jac.) Lk 4:25. ἐ. τρεῖς ἡμέρας for three days (Diod S 13, 19, 2; Arrian, Anab. 4, 9, 4; GDI 4706, 119 [Thera] ἐπʼ ἀμέρας τρεῖς) GPt 8:30 al. ἐ. ἡμέρας πλείους over a period of many days (Jos., Ant. 4, 277) Ac 13:31.—16:18 (ἐ. πολλὰς ἡμέρας as Appian, Liby. 29 §124; cp. Diod S 3, 16, 4); 17:2; 19:8, 10, 34; 27:20; Hb 11:30. ἐ. χρόνον for a while (cp. Il. 2, 299; Hdt. 9, 22, 1; Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1257; Jos., Vi. 2) Lk 18:4. ἐ. πλείονα χρόνον (Diod S 3, 16, 6; Hero Alex. I p. 344, 17) Ac 18:20. ἐφʼ ὅσον χρόνον as long as Ro 7:1; 1 Cor 7:39; Gal 4:1. Also ἐφʼ ὅσον as long as Mt 9:15; 2 Pt 1:13 (for other mngs. of ἐφʼ ὅσον s. above under 13). ἐφʼ ἱκανόν (sc. χρόνον) for a considerable time (EpArist 109) Ac 20:11. ἐ. χρόνον ἱκανόν Qua. ἐ. πολύ for a long time, throughout a long period of time (Thu. 1, 7; 1, 18, 1; 2, 16, 1 al.; Appian, Liby. 5 §21; Arrian, Cyneg. 23, 1; Lucian, Toxar. 20; Wsd 18:20; Sir 49:13; JosAs 19:3; Jos., Vi. 66: Just., A I, 65, 3) Ac 28:6. ἐ. πλεῖον the same (schol. on Pind., N. 7, 56b; PLille 3, 16 [III B.C.]; Jdth 13:1; Sir prol. l. 7; Jos., Ant. 18, 150) Ac 20:9; any longer (Lucian, D. Deor. 5, 3; Appian, Hann. 54 §227; 3 Macc 5:8; Wsd 8:12; Ath. 12, 3) Ac 24:4; 1 Cl 55:1.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐπί

  • 14 Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

    (19061980)
       Marcello Caetano, as the last prime minister of the Estado Novo, was both the heir and successor of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. In a sense, Caetano was one of the founders and sustainers of this unusual regime and, at various crucial stages of its long life, Caetano's contribution was as important as Salazar's.
       Born in Lisbon in 1906 to a middle-class family, Caetano was a member of the student generation that rebelled against the unstable parliamentary First Republic and sought answers to Portugal's legion of troubles in conservative ideologies such as integralism, Catholic reformism, and the Italian Fascist model. One of the most brilliant students at the University of Lisbon's Law School, Caetano soon became directly involved in government service in various ministries, including Salazar's Ministry of Finance. When Caetano was not teaching full-time at the law school in Lisbon and influencing new generations of students who became critical of the regime he helped construct, Caetano was in important government posts and working on challenging assignments. In the 1930s, he participated in reforms in the Ministry of Finance, in the writing of the 1933 Constitution, in the formation of the new civil code, of which he was in part the author, and in the construction of corporativism, which sought to control labor-management relations and other aspects of social engineering. In a regime largely directed by academics from the law faculties of Coimbra University and the University of Lisbon, Caetano was the leading expert on constitutional law, administrative law, political science, and colonial law. A prolific writer as both a political scientist and historian, Caetano was the author of the standard political science, administrative law, and history of law textbooks, works that remained in print and in use among students long after his exile and death.
       After his apprenticeship service in a number of ministries, Caetano rose steadily in the system. At age 38, he was named minister for the colonies (1944 47), and unlike many predecessors, he "went to see for himself" and made important research visits to Portugal's African territories. In 1955-58, Caetano served in the number-three position in the regime in the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council (premier's office); he left office for full-time academic work in part because of his disagreements with Salazar and others on regime policy and failures to reform at the desired pace. In 1956 and 1957, Caetano briefly served as interim minister of communications and of foreign affairs.
       Caetano's opportunity to take Salazar's place and to challenge even more conservative forces in the system came in the 1960s. Portugal's most prominent law professor had a public falling out with the regime in March 1962, when he resigned as rector of Lisbon University following a clash between rebellious students and the PIDE, the political police. When students opposing the regime organized strikes on the University of Lisbon campus, Caetano resigned his rectorship after the police invaded the campus and beat and arrested some students, without asking permission to enter university premises from university authorities.
       When Salazar became incapacitated in September 1968, President Américo Tomás named Caetano prime minister. His tasks were formidable: in the midst of remarkable economic growth in Portugal, continued heavy immigration of Portuguese to France and other countries, and the costly colonial wars in three African colonies, namely Angola, Guinea- Bissau, and Mozambique, the regime struggled to engineer essential social and political reforms, win the wars in Africa, and move toward meaningful political reforms. Caetano supported moderately important reforms in his first two years in office (1968-70), as well as the drafting of constitutional revisions in 1971 that allowed a slight liberalization of the Dictatorship, gave the opposition more room for activity, and decentrali zed authority in the overseas provinces (colonies). Always aware of the complexity of Portugal's colonial problems and of the ongoing wars, Caetano made several visits to Africa as premier, and he sought to implement reforms in social and economic affairs while maintaining the expensive, divisive military effort, Portugal's largest armed forces mobilization in her history.
       Opposed by intransigent right-wing forces in various sectors in both Portugal and Africa, Caetano's modest "opening" of 1968-70 soon narrowed. Conservative forces in the military, police, civil service, and private sectors opposed key political reforms, including greater democratization, while pursuing the military solution to the African crisis and personal wealth. A significant perspective on Caetano's failed program of reforms, which could not prevent the advent of a creeping revolution in society, is a key development in the 1961-74 era of colonial wars: despite Lisbon's efforts, the greater part of Portuguese emigration and capital investment during this period were directed not to the African colonies but to Europe, North America, and Brazil.
       Prime Minister Caetano, discouraged by events and by opposition to his reforms from the so-called "Rheumatic Brigade" of superannuated regime loyalists, attempted to resign his office, but President Américo Tomás convinced him to remain. The publication and public reception of African hero General Antônio Spinola's best-selling book Portugal e Futuro (Portugal and the Future) in February 1974 convinced the surprised Caetano that a coup and revolution were imminent. When the virtually bloodless, smoothly operating military coup was successful in what became known as the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement in Lisbon and was flown to Madeira Island and later to exile in Brazil, where he remained for the rest of his life. In his Brazilian exile, Caetano was active writing important memoirs and histories of the Estado Novo from his vantage point, teaching law at a private university in Rio de Janeiro, and carrying on a lively correspondence with persons in Portugal. He died at age 74, in 1980, in Brazil.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

  • 15 Lee, Revd William

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    d. c. 1615
    [br]
    English inventor of the first knitting machine, called the stocking frame.
    [br]
    It would seem that most of the stories about Lee's invention of the stocking frame cannot be verified by any contemporary evidence, and the first written accounts do not appear until the second half of the seventeenth century. The claim that he was Master of Arts from St John's College, Cambridge, was first made in 1607 but cannot be checked because the records have not survived. The date for the invention of the knitting machine as being 1589 was made at the same time, but again there is no supporting evidence. There is no evidence that Lee was Vicar of Calverton, nor that he was in Holy Orders at all. Likewise there is no evidence for the existence of the woman, whether she was girlfriend, fiancée or wife, who is said to have inspired the invention, and claims regarding the involvement of Queen Elizabeth I and her refusal to grant a patent because the stockings were wool and not silk are also without contemporary foundation. Yet the first known reference shows that Lee was the inventor of the knitting machine, for the partnership agreement between him and George Brooke dated 6 June 1600 states that "William Lee hath invented a very speedy manner of making works usually wrought by knitting needles as stockings, waistcoats and such like". This agreement was to last for twenty-two years, but terminated prematurely when Brooke was executed for high treason in 1603. Lee continued to try and exploit his invention, for in 1605 he described himself as "Master of Arts" when he petitioned the Court of Aldermen of the City of London as the first inventor of an engine to make silk stockings. In 1609 the Weavers' Company of London recorded Lee as "a weaver of silk stockings by engine". These petitions suggest that he was having difficulty in establishing his invention, which may be why in 1612 there is a record of him in Rouen, France, where he hoped to have better fortune. If he had been invited there by Henry IV, his hopes were dashed by the assassination of the king soon afterwards. He was to supply four knitting machines, and there is further evidence that he was in France in 1615, but it is thought that he died in that country soon afterwards.
    The machine Lee invented was probably the most complex of its day, partly because the need to use silk meant that the needles were very fine. Henson (1970) in 1831 took five pages in his book to describe knitting on a stocking frame which had over 2,066 pieces. To knit a row of stitches took eleven separate stages, and great care and watchfulness were required to ensure that all the loops were equal and regular. This shows how complex the machines were and points to Lee's great achievement in actually making one. The basic principles of its operation remained unaltered throughout its extraordinarily long life, and a few still remained in use commercially in the early 1990s.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.T.Millington and S.D.Chapman (eds), 1989, Four Centuries of Machine Knitting, Commemorating William Lee's Invention of the Stocking Frame in 1589, Leicester (N.Harte examines the surviving evidence for the life of William Lee and this must be considered as the most up-to-date biographical information).
    Dictionary of National Biography (this contains only the old stories).
    Earlier important books covering Lee's life and invention are G.Henson, 1970, History of the Framework Knitters, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1831); and W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867).
    M.Palmer, 1984, Framework Knitting, Aylesbury (a simple account of the mechanism of the stocking frame).
    R.L.Hills, "William Lee and his knitting machine", Journal of the Textile Institute 80(2) (a more detailed account).
    M.Grass and A.Grass, 1967, Stockings for a Queen. The Life of William Lee, the Elizabethan Inventor, London.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Lee, Revd William

  • 16 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

  • 17 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

    [br]
    b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USA
    d. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England
    [br]
    American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.
    [br]
    Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.
    It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.
    Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.
    In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.
    Bibliography
    1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).
    Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).
    P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    CM / JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

  • 18 dazu

    Adv.
    1. räumlich: there; soll ich es 'hierzu legen? - nein, 'dazu no, (over) there
    2. (dabei, damit) (together) with it; (außerdem) besides, in addition, into the bargain; noch dazu on top of it ( oder that); wie konntest du das nur vergessen, noch dazu, wo ich dich extra daran erinnert habe when I (even) reminded you about it specially; etw. dazu hinzugeben add s.th. to s.th.; möchtest du ein Glas Bier dazu? would you like a (glass of) beer with that?
    3. Zweck, Aufgabe etc.: (dafür) for it ( oder that); er ist zu dumm dazu he’s too stupid for that; dazu gehört Zeit it takes time; es gehört viel Mut / schon einiges dazu zu (+ Inf.) it takes a lot of courage / quite a lot ( oder a fair bit) to (+ Inf.) dazu ist er ja da that’s what he’s there for, that’s his job; dazu hast du’s doch that’s what you’ve got it for ( oder it’s there for), isn’t it?; dazu habe ich dir nicht geholfen, dass du jetzt... I didn’t help you so that you (end up)...
    4. Thema: (darüber) about it ( oder that); sich dazu äußern give one’s view ( oder voice one’s opinion) on it, comment (on it); hast du etwas dazu zu sagen? do you have anything to say about that?; dazu möchte ich gar nichts sagen I have no comment on that; sie schwieg dazu (zu diesen Vorwürfen) she made no comment ( oder remained silent); es ist alles dazu gesagt it’s all been said already
    5. Veränderung, Ziel: sich dazu entwickeln develop into it; das führt dazu, dass... that leads to...; ich war früher nicht so misstrauisch, meine Erfahrungen haben mich dazu gemacht my experiences have made me it ( oder this way); es ist noch kein Kunstwerk, aber es wird noch dazu it will become one; wie ist es dazu gekommen? how did it happen?; wie konnte es nur dazu kommen? how could it turn out this way?; es wird / darf niemals dazu kommen! it won’t / mustn’t ever come to that!; doch es kam nie dazu but it never came to that
    6. Anlass: darf ich dazu gratulieren? may I congratulate you (on your birthday etc.)?
    7. Zugehörigkeit: der Deckel / Schlüssel dazu its lid / key, the lid / key belonging to ( oder going with) it
    8. fig.: Liebe / Neigung dazu love / affection for it; Erlaubnis / Recht dazu permission / right to it; wie bist du dazu gekommen? (zu diesem Buch etc.) how did you get hold of ( oder come by) it?; (Stelle) how did you get into ( oder come to be doing) this?
    9. anstelle oder vor zu + Inf.: ich habe keine Lust dazu ( aufzuräumen) I don’t want to (tidy up), I can’t be bothered (tidying up oder to tidy up); ich rate dir dazu, es zu tun I would advise you to do it; er tut das Seine dazu(, das Problem zu lösen) he’s doing his share ( oder bit) (to solve the problem); die Gelegenheit dazu haben(, ins Ausland zu gehen) have the opportunity ( oder chance) (to go abroad oder Am. auch overseas); wie kamst du dazu, für sie zu arbeiten? how did you come to work ( oder be working) for them?; ich kam nie dazu(, es zu lesen) I never got (a)round to (reading) it; wie komme ich dazu? empört: why should I?; wie kommst du dazu? empört: how could you?; etc.; vgl. auch die mit dazu verbundenen Adjektive, Substantive und Verben
    * * *
    thereto
    * * *
    da|zu [da'tsu] (emph) ['daːtsuː]
    adv
    1) (räumlich) there

    wozu gehört das? – dazú! — where does that belong? – there!

    2) (= dabei, damit) with it; (= außerdem, obendrein auch) into the bargain (inf), at the same time

    er ist dumm und dazú auch noch faul — he's stupid and lazy with it or into the bargain (inf) or as well

    sie ist hübsch und dazú nicht unintelligent — she's pretty and not unintelligent either

    noch dazú — as well, too

    noch dazú, wo... — when... too

    dazú reicht or serviert man am besten Reis — it's best to serve rice with it

    er singt und spielt Gitarre dazú — he sings and accompanies himself on the guitar

    3) (= dahin) to that/it

    auf dem besten Wege dazú sein, etw zu tun — to be well on the way to doing sth

    er ist auf dem besten Wege dazú — he's well on the way to it

    das führt dazú, dass weitere Forderungen gestellt werden — that will lead to further demands being made

    dazú führt das dann — that's what it leads to

    wie konnte es nur dazú kommen? — how could that happen?

    wer weiß, wie sie dazú gekommen ist (zu diesem Auto etc) — who knows how she came by it

    wie komme ich dazú? (empört) — why on earth should I?

    ... aber ich bin nicht dazú gekommen —... but I didn't get (a)round to it

    4) (= dafür, zu diesem Zweck) for that/it

    dazú bin ich zu alt — I'm too old for that

    ich bin zu alt dazú, noch tanzen zu gehen — I'm too old to go dancing

    dazú habe ich dich nicht studieren lassen, dass du... — I didn't send you to university so that you could... or for you to...

    ich habe ihm dazú geraten — I advised him to (do that)

    Sie sind/die Maschine ist dazú wie geschaffen — it's as if you were/the machine was made for it

    dazú fähig sein, etw zu tun — to be capable of doing sth

    dazú bereit sein, etw zu tun — to be prepared to do sth

    er war nicht dazú fähig/bereit — he wasn't capable of it/prepared to

    dazú gehört viel Geld — that takes a lot of money

    dazú ist er da — that's what he's there for, that's why he's there

    die Erlaubnis/die Mittel/das Recht dazú — permission/the means/the right to do it

    ich habe keine Lust dazú — I don't feel like it

    ich habe keine Lust dazú, mitzugehen — I don't feel like going along

    dazú habe ich keine Zeit — I haven't the time (for that)

    ich habe keine Zeit dazú, die Fenster zu putzen — I haven't (the) time to clean the windows

    ich bin nicht dazú in der Lage — I'm not in a position to

    5) (= darüber, zum Thema) about that/it

    was sagst/meinst du dazú? — what do you say to/think about that?

    meine Gedanken/Meinung dazú — my thoughts about/opinion of that

    ..., dazú hören Sie jetzt einen Kommentar —... we now bring you a commentary

    das Hauptthema war die Inflation dazú schreibt die Zeitung... — the main subject was inflation – the paper has this to say about it...

    er hat sich nur kurz dazú geäußert — he only commented briefly on that/it

    6)

    (in Wendungen) im Gegensatz dazú — in contrast to that

    im Vergleich dazú — in comparison with that

    früher war sie nicht so hysterisch, er hat sie dazú gemacht — she never used to be so hysterical, he made her like that

    er war nicht immer Lord, er wurde erst dazú gemacht — he wasn't born a Lord, he was made or created one

    dazú wird man nicht gewählt, sondern ernannt — one is appointed rather than elected to that

    * * *
    da·zu
    [daˈtsu:, ˈda:tsu:]
    adv (emph)
    2. (außerdem) at the same time, into [or AM in] the bargain, to boot; s.a. noch
    3. (zu diesem Ergebnis) to it/that
    wie konnte es nur \dazu kommen? how could that happen?
    wie ist er \dazu gekommen? how did he come by it?
    wie komme ich \dazu? (fam) why on earth should I?
    \dazu reicht das Geld nicht we/I haven't enough money for that
    im Gegensatz \dazu contrary to this
    im Vergleich \dazu in comparison to that; s.a. führen, Weg
    4. (zu der Sache)
    ich würde dir \dazu raten I would advise you to do that
    ich bin noch nicht \dazu gekommen I haven't got round to it/to doing it yet
    5. (dafür) for it/that/this
    ich bin \dazu nicht bereit I'm not prepared to do that
    er war \dazu nicht in der Lage he wasn't in a position to do so
    es gehört viel Mut \dazu that takes a lot of courage
    \dazu ist es da that's what it's there for
    \dazu habe ich keine Lust I don't feel like it
    \dazu habe ich schon Zeit I do have time for that
    die Erlaubnis/die Mittel/das Recht \dazu the permission/the means/the right to do it
    kein Recht \dazu haben, etw zu tun to have no right to do sth
    6. (darüber) about it/that/this
    er hat sich noch nicht \dazu geäußert he hasn't commented on it yet
    was meinst du \dazu? what do you think about it/that?
    das ist meine Meinung \dazu that's my opinion of it
    da habe ich keine Zeit zu I haven't the time [for it/that]
    da komme ich heute nicht mehr zu I won't be able to get round to it today
    * * *
    1) with it/them; (gleichzeitig) at the same time; (außerdem) what is more

    dazu reicht man am besten Salat — it's/they're best served with lettuce/salad

    2) (darüber) about or on it/them
    3) (zu diesem Zweck) for it; (es zu tun) to do it
    4)

    im Widerspruch od. Gegensatz dazu — contrary to this/that

    er hatte dazu keine Lust — he didn't want to or didn't feel like it

    wie komme ich dazu? — (ugs.) it would never occur to me; why on earth should I?

    * * *
    dazu adv
    1. räumlich: there;
    soll ich es 'hierzu legen? -
    nein, 'dazu no, (over) there
    2. (dabei, damit) (together) with it; (außerdem) besides, in addition, into the bargain;
    noch dazu, wo ich dich extra daran erinnert habe when I (even) reminded you about it specially;
    etwas dazu hinzugeben add sth to sth;
    möchtest du ein Glas Bier dazu? would you like a (glass of) beer with that?
    3. Zweck, Aufgabe etc: (dafür) for it ( oder that);
    er ist zu dumm dazu he’s too stupid for that;
    dazu gehört Zeit it takes time;
    es gehört viel Mut/schon einiges dazu zu (+inf) it takes a lot of courage/quite a lot ( oder a fair bit) to (+inf)
    dazu ist er ja da that’s what he’s there for, that’s his job;
    dazu hast du’s doch that’s what you’ve got it for ( oder it’s there for), isn’t it?;
    dazu habe ich dir nicht geholfen, dass du jetzt … I didn’t help you so that you (end up) …
    4. Thema: (darüber) about it ( oder that);
    sich dazu äußern give one’s view ( oder voice one’s opinion) on it, comment (on it);
    hast du etwas dazu zu sagen? do you have anything to say about that?;
    dazu möchte ich gar nichts sagen I have no comment on that;
    sie schwieg dazu (zu diesen Vorwürfen) she made no comment ( oder remained silent);
    es ist alles dazu gesagt it’s all been said already
    5. Veränderung, Ziel:
    sich dazu entwickeln develop into it;
    das führt dazu, dass … that leads to …; ich war früher nicht so misstrauisch,
    meine Erfahrungen haben mich dazu gemacht my experiences have made me it ( oder this way);
    es ist noch kein Kunstwerk, aber
    es wird noch dazu it will become one;
    wie ist es dazu gekommen? how did it happen?;
    wie konnte es nur dazu kommen? how could it turn out this way?;
    es wird/darf niemals dazu kommen! it won’t/mustn’t ever come to that!;
    doch es kam nie dazu but it never came to that
    6. Anlass:
    darf ich dazu gratulieren? may I congratulate you (on your birthday etc)?
    der Deckel/Schlüssel dazu its lid/key, the lid/key belonging to ( oder going with) it
    8. fig:
    Liebe/Neigung dazu love/affection for it;
    Erlaubnis/Recht dazu permission/right to it;
    wie bist du dazu gekommen? (zu diesem Buch etc) how did you get hold of ( oder come by) it?; (Stelle) how did you get into ( oder come to be doing) this?
    zu +inf:
    ich habe keine Lust dazu (aufzuräumen) I don’t want to (tidy up), I can’t be bothered (tidying up oder to tidy up);
    ich rate dir dazu, es zu tun I would advise you to do it;
    er tut das Seine dazu(, das Problem zu lösen) he’s doing his share ( oder bit) (to solve the problem);
    die Gelegenheit dazu haben(, ins Ausland zu gehen) have the opportunity ( oder chance) (to go abroad oder US auch overseas);
    wie kamst du dazu, für sie zu arbeiten? how did you come to work ( oder be working) for them?;
    ich kam nie dazu(, es zu lesen) I never got (a)round to (reading) it;
    wie komme ich dazu? empört: why should I?;
    wie kommst du dazu? empört: how could you?; etc; → auch die mit dazu verbundenen Adjektive, Substantive und Verben
    * * *
    1) with it/them; (gleichzeitig) at the same time; (außerdem) what is more

    dazu reicht man am besten Salat — it's/they're best served with lettuce/salad

    2) (darüber) about or on it/them
    3) (zu diesem Zweck) for it; (es zu tun) to do it
    4)

    im Widerspruch od. Gegensatz dazu — contrary to this/that

    er hatte dazu keine Lust — he didn't want to or didn't feel like it

    wie komme ich dazu? — (ugs.) it would never occur to me; why on earth should I?

    * * *
    adv.
    thereto adv. v.
    to it v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > dazu

  • 19 Darby, Abraham

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, England
    d. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.
    [br]
    Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.
    Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).
    H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Darby, Abraham

  • 20 Rankine, William John Macquorn

    [br]
    b. 5 July 1820 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 1872
    [br]
    [br]
    Rankine was educated at Ayr Academy and Glasgow High School, although he appears to have learned much of his basic mathematics and physics through private study. He attended Edinburgh University and then assisted his father, who was acting as Superintendent of the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway. This introduction to engineering practice was followed in 1838 by his appointment as a pupil to Sir John MacNeill, and for the next four years he served under MacNeill on his Irish railway projects. While still in his early twenties, Rankine presented pioneering papers on metal fatigue and other subjects to the Institution of Civil Engineers, for which he won a prize, but he appears to have resigned from the Civils in 1857 after an argument because the Institution would not transfer his Associate Membership into full Membership. From 1844 to 1848 Rankine worked on various projects for the Caledonian Railway Company, but his interests were becoming increasingly theoretical and a series of distinguished papers for learned societies established his reputation as a leading scholar in the new science of thermodynamics. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1853. At the same time, he remained intimately involved with practical questions of applied science, in shipbuilding, marine engineering and electric telegraphy, becoming associated with the influential coterie of fellow Scots such as the Thomson brothers, Napier, Elder, and Lewis Gordon. Gordon was then the head of a large and successful engineering practice, but he was also Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, and when he retired from the Chair to pursue his business interests, Rankine, who had become his Assistant, was appointed in his place.
    From 1855 until his premature death in 1872, Rankine built up an impressive engineering department, providing a firm theoretical basis with a series of text books that he wrote himself and most of which remained in print for many decades. Despite his quarrel with the Institution of Civil Engineers, Rankine took a keen interest in the institutional development of the engineering profession, becoming the first President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, which he helped to establish in 1857. Rankine campaigned vigorously for the recognition of engineering studies as a full university degree at Glasgow, and he achieved this in 1872, the year of his death. Rankine was one of the handful of mid-nineteenth century engineers who virtually created engineering as an academic discipline.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1853. First President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1857.
    Bibliography
    1858, Manual of Applied Mechanics.
    1859, Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers.
    1862, Manual of Civil Engineering.
    1869, Manual of Machinery and Millwork.
    Further Reading
    J.Small, 1957, "The institution's first president", Proceedings of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland: 687–97.
    H.B.Sutherland, 1972, Rankine. His Life and Times.
    AB

    Biographical history of technology > Rankine, William John Macquorn

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